Infections of the CNS
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| Definition of meningitis | show 🗑
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| show | (1)Fever (2)Headaches (3)Nuchal rigidity
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| Brudzinski's sign | show 🗑
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| Kernig's sign | show 🗑
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| show | (1)Headache (2)lethargy (3)fever (4)focal neurologic deficits
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| show | Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI
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| show | (1)Fever (2)headache (3)altered mental status (4)sezures (5)focal neurologic deficits
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| show | Encephalitis
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| show | (1)Hematogenous (2)Direct extension from adjacent structures (3)Direct implantation(trauma or from surgeries) (4)Centripetal spread (retrograde from the PNS, axonal transportation)
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| show | Hematogenous
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| show | Most common route is from hematogenous spread from upper respiratory tract
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| show | (1)Group B streptococci (2)E. coli (3)Listeria
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| Most common agents responsible for bacterial meningitis in children (>1 mo) to adults (60 yrs) | show 🗑
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| Most common agent responsible for bacterial meningitis in the elderly population | show 🗑
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| show | S. pneumoniae
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| show | S. aureus
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| show | S. aureus
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| show | Meningococcous is present in the nasopharyns of 5% of people and spread by respiratory droplets and close contact
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| What populations are susceptible to H. influenzae meningitis? | show 🗑
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| show | (1)presence of PMN (2)High cellularity (10-10,000 cells/mm3) (3) low glucose (<40 mg/dl) (4) High protein (>50 mg/dl) (5) visualization of bacteria by gram stain
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| Complications of bacterial meningitis | show 🗑
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| show | The vasculitis elicited by bacterial meningitis affects the small cortical vessels resulting in thrombosis and eventual ischemic infarction
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| show | Chronic phases of bacterial meningits causes leptomeningeal fibrosis, which results in obstruction of CSF flow
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| Disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges with CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis with negative CSF stains and bacterial cultures | show 🗑
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| show | Viruses
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| CSF profile of viral meningitis | show 🗑
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| Most common agents for viral meningitis | show 🗑
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| show | (1) direct contact (2) oral-fecal transmission
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| show | Mumps (paramyxovirus)
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| show | True. The most common type of CNS involvement by Mycobacterium tuberculosis manifests as menigitis. In children, most commonly occurs between birth and 5 years. In the US, it is most commonly seen in the elderly and immunocompromised patients.
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| show | (1)low-grade fever (2)headache (3)nausea (4)drowsiness that may progress to stupor and coma (5) Positive Kernig's and Brudzinski's sign
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| show | (1) base of the brain (2) cranial nerves
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| show | False. TB meningitis is characterized by gelatinous subarachnoidal exudates
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| Complications of TB meningitis | show 🗑
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| show | Borrelia burgdorferi
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| Neurological manifestations during the early phase of Lyme disease | show 🗑
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| show | (1) Mild encephalopathy (2) Peripheral polyneuropathy
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| (T or F) Majority of fungal infections of hte CNS are opportunistic. | show 🗑
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| Most common fungal agent associated with meningitis in AIDS or immunocompromised patients | show 🗑
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| Most common fungal agent associated with meningitis in Hodgkin's lymphoma patients | show 🗑
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| Agents of fungal meningitis in immunocompetent patients | show 🗑
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| Radiographic appearance of CNS abscesses | show 🗑
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| Pathogenesis of brain abscess | show 🗑
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| Complications of brain abscesses | show 🗑
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| Most common non-purulent bacterial agent of CNS abscesses | show 🗑
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| show | Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Zycomycosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidiodomycosis
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| Most common parasitic agent of CNS abscesses | show 🗑
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| show | Streptococci, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterobacteria
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| Bacterial agents associated with brain abscesses secondary to frontoethomoidal and sphenoidal sinusitis | show 🗑
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| Bacterial agents associated with brain abscesses secondary to dental abscesses | show 🗑
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| Bacterial agents associated with brain abscesses secondary to penetrating head trauma or post-surgical infection | show 🗑
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| Bacterial agents associated with brain abscesses secondary to congential heart disease | show 🗑
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| show | Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, BActeroides, Streptococcus, Nocardia asteroides
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| show | Stphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp
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| show | Encephalitis
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| Diffuse or localized inflammation of the brain and leptomeninges | show 🗑
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| Diffuse or localized inflammation of the brain and spinal cord | show 🗑
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| Symptoms of diffuse encephalopathy | show 🗑
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| Route of infection for viral encephalitis | show 🗑
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| Four common pathological features of viral encephalitis | show 🗑
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| show | True. 20% of cases have residual signs after resolution such as mental deterioration, amnesic defect, personality change, recurrent seizures, and hemiparesis
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| Most common type of HSV responsible for majority of encephalitis infections | show 🗑
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| show | Neonates
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| Mode of transmission of Herpes virus encephalitis | show 🗑
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| show | Temporo-frontal and limbic distribution
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| What part of the year does arboviral encephalitis peak? | show 🗑
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| show | (1)Togaviridae (2) Flaviviridae (3) Bunyaviridae
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| show | Mosquitoes
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| show | Nationwide, but especially along the Mississippi River
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| show | Eastern states, Atlantic coast, Gulf coast
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| Geographic distribution of Western Equine Encephalitis | show 🗑
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| show | Great lakes states
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| Arbovirus encephalitis characterized by poliomyelitis-like and Parkinsonian symptoms | show 🗑
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| show | Rickettsia rickettsii
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| show | Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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| show | (1) Progressive stupor leading to coma (2) sustained fever (3) focal neurologic signs (4) Optic neuritis
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| show | Measles
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| Infectious agent responsible for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | show 🗑
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| Pathogenesis of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy | show 🗑
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| show | HIV encephalitis or AIDS dementia complex
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| show | False. Both pediatric and adult populations are affected by HIV encephalitis or AIDS dementia complex
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| show | Hematogenous route carried by T lympocytes and macrophages or invasion and persistence in the CNS (HIV reservoir)
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| show | (1)Mild diffuse cerebral atrophy (2)Diffuse and multifocal rarefaction of the cerebral white matter (3)diffuse lymphocytic infiltration (4)Macrophage reaction with microglial nodules, macrophages, multinucleated giant cells
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| (T or F) HIV genome/proteins can be detected in neurons | show 🗑
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| show | False. Neuronal damage is not due to direct infection of the neuron. It is most likely due to secondary effects.
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| show | T=Toxoplasmosis O=other R=Rubella C=CMV H=Herpes (HSV-2) and HIV
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| show | True
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| Mode of transmission of HSV-2 meningoencephalitis in neonates | show 🗑
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| Modes of transmission of HIVmeningoencephalitis in neonates | show 🗑
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