lymphatic system1
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| what makes up lymph in lymphatic vessels | similar composition to interstitial fluid
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| what is the function of the lymphatic system | drains excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids and vitamins, immune responses
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| what is the pathway of lymph | blood capillaries(plasma)->interstitial spaces->lymphatic vessels and nodes->lymphatic ducts->jugular and subclavian veins(plasma)-> into circulatory system
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| stem cells divide and develop into mature B and T cells | red bone marrow(long bones) and thymus(primary lymphatic organs)
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| what are the primary lymphatic organs | red bone marrow(long bones) and thymus
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| immune responses occur from where | lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules (secondary lymphatic organs)
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| what are the secondary lymphatic organs | lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules
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| what are the features of the thymus | 2 lobed organ, located above the heart, immature T-cells migrate from bone marrow to
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| what happens in the thymus | T-cells divide and mature, self reactive cells are removed
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| what are self reactive cells in the thymus | T-cells that will attack own bodys cells
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| how are self reactive cells destroyed | apoptosis in thymus before they reach maturity
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| what are the features of a lymph node | bean shaped, concentrated near mammary glands, groin, axilla, contain B-cells, T-cells, dendritic cells, plasma cells, macrophages
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| what part of the lymphatic system contain B-cells, T-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages | lymph nodes
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| what kind of cells are in the thymus | T-cells
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| what do lymph nodes do | filter lymph,trap foreign substances with macrophages and lymphocytes
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| what are the features of the spleen | located between stomach and diaphragm, 1/2 white pulp-lymphocytes and macrophages, T and B lympocytes (WBC)& 1/2 red pulp-RBC, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, granular leukocytes
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| what are the functions of the spleen | destroys old and defective blood cells and platelets by macrophages, stores platelets, attacks foreign substances in blood
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| where are the lymphatic nodules | peyer's patches (ileum), tonsils, appendix
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| what are the 2 classes of immunity | innate(from birth)fast, same for everyone
adaptive(slower) from contact, memory, different for everyone
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| what are the features of the innate immunity | from birth, fast non-specific, no memory, barriers(skin), pH extremes (stomach), phagocytes, NK cells, fever, inflammation, complement, interferons
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| what are the features of the adaptive immunity | slower, specific, has memory, T-cells, B-cells, different for everyone after one encounters something
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| what is the bodies first line of defense in innate immunity | skin and mucous membranes of respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, optic systems
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| how does the skin work as part of the first line of defense in innate immunity | 1-perspiration-salt inhibits pathogen growth, proteins (antimicrobial pep-tides), lysozyme that kills cell walls of bacteria. 2- oil keeps ph lower, keeps skin pliable 3-has normal microbiota
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| how do the normal microbiota in skin help with the first line of defense on skin in innate immunity | compete with pathogens by consuming nutrients, make ph levels unfavorable, provide vitamins for host
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| how does the mucous membranes work as part of the first line of defense in innate immunity | their thick and are viscus, epithelium have thin tightly packed outer covering that prevent entry and that shed often to carry away microbs
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| how does the lacrimal apparatus work as part of the first line of defense in innate immunity | drains tears to wash surface of eyes, contain lysozyme that destroys bacteria
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| how does the digestive system work as part of the first line of defense in innate immunity | gastric juices are acidic
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| how does the saliva and urine work as part of the first line of defense in innate immunity | dilution and antibacterial action
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| what is in the second line of defense in innate immunity | componets of blood-WBC, phagocytes(neutrophils, monocytes, macrophage), NK, interferons, fever, inflammation
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| how does leukocytes (WBC) work as part of the second line of defense in innate immunity | divided into 3 granulocytes( ) and 2 agranulocytes ( )
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| how does phagocytes (1-neutrophils, 2-monocytes->macrophages) work as part of the second line of defense in innate immunity | specialized to ingest microbes and cellular debris using lysosome
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| how does NK cells work as part of the second line of defense in innate immunity | destroy microbes and tumor cells by causing inflammation, break cell membranes, attract phagocytes, tag cells for destruction. present in lymph nodes and red bone marrow
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| how does interferons work as part of the second line of defense in innate immunity | they are cytokinds(message cells), nonspecifically inhibit spread of viral infections and cause symptoms of viral infections
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| how does inflammation work as part of the second line of defense in innate immunity | nonspecific response to tissue damage by redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor)
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| what are the characteristics of inflammation in innate immunity | redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor)
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| how does inflammation work in tissue damage in innate immunity | tissue damage of cells-> causes release of histamine->to increase vasodilation in blood vessels to allow cells out of blood->leakage of clotting proteins to isolat bacteria to limit damage->Phagocytes(neuto and macro) eat and dead->dead cell contains pus
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| what is an abscess | puss that has collected and not cleared out by way of skin or body cavity
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| how does a fever work as part of the second line of defense in innate immunity | metabolic rate increases, temp above 98.6, pathogens cant live in temps
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| what triggers a fever in innate immunity | pyrogens (bacterial toxins, cytoplasmic contents, antibody-antigen complexes) trigger hypothalamus to increase core temp
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| what are the 5 attributes of the adaptive immunity | specificity (for pathogens), inducibility (activate other cells), clonality, unresponsiveness to self, memory
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| what are the properties of antigens | molecules that recognizes as foreign, include bacterial, proteins of viruses, protozoa
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| what does an antigen trigger to produce antibodies | plasma cells
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| what are the features of an antibody | y shaped with variable antigen binding site on arms
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| what are the features of B Lymphocytes (B-cells) and antigens | arise and mature in red bone marrow, located in spleen, lymph nodes, small amount in blood stream, has B cell recptor on surface
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| where are B-cells made and stored | arise and mature in red bone marrow, located in spleen, lymph nodes
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| what are activated B-cells called | plasma cells
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| what do plasma cells (activated B-cells) secrete | antibodies called immunoglobulins
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| what are the 5 classes of antibodies made by B lymphocytes (plasma cells) | IgM-first produced immunoglobulin, IgG-most common and longest-lasting 2nd made, IgA-body secreations (tears, mucous, sweat), IgE- parasitic infections and allergies, IgD-cell activation
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| plasma cell(activated B-cell) antibody IgM is what | first produced immunoglobulin
looks like pentagon with double stems and arms
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| plasma cell (activated B-cell) antibody IgG is what | most common and longest-lasting 2nd made
looks like y with double steams with 2 arms on each side
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| plasma cell (activated B-cell) antibody IgA is what | body secretions (tears, mucous, sweat)
looks like 11(eleven) with 2 arms on each end (total of 8 arms)
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| plasma cell (activated B-cell) antibody IgE is what | parasitic infections and allergies
looks like y with 2 steams with 1 dot on each side and 2 arms on each side
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| plasma cell (activated B-cell) antibody IgD is what | cell activation
looks like looks like y with 2 steams with 2 dots on each side and 2 arms on each side
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| What is BCR | B cell receptor
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| what is TCR | T cell receptor
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| what are the features of T (lymphocytes) cells | produced in red bone marrow and mature in thymus, move in lymph and blood to get to lymph nodes, spleen, peyer's patches(ilium), lack y look steam is cut off, the
TCR is on cytoplasmic membrane
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| what are the 2 types of T (lymphocytes) cells | Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-directly kills other cells, has CD8 protein on surface
Helper T lymphocytes-helps regulate the activites of B and cytotoxic T cells, has CD4 proteins on surface
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| what is on the surface of a cytotoxic T-cell | CD8 protein
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| what is on the surface of a helper T-cell | CD4 protein
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| on the surface of a helper T-cell CD4 protein recognizes what kind of cells | MHC II
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| on the surface of a cytotoxic CD8 protein reconizs what kind of cells | MCH I
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| What is the difference of MHC I and MHC II | MCH I-all cells with nucleus
MCH II- APC's(antigent presenting Cells) have with and without nucleus
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| B-cells (plasma, IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, Ige, IgD) recognize and bind to antigens in | big cells in lymph, plasma, interstitial fluid
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| T-cells (cytotoxic, helper T) recognize and bind to antigens in | fragments that are processed and presented in a certain why
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| What is APC | Antigen presenting cell
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| what are APC's (Antigen presenting cell) | marcophages, dendritic, B-cells
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| where are APC's (Antigen presenting cell) found | respiratory, GI, urinary tracts, all lymph nodes
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| What does MHC stand for | major histocompatibility complex
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| cell mediated immunity needs 2 signals what are they | 1st-antigen recognition by APC's
2nd-Interleukin released from (t-cells or b-cells)
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| in cell mediated immunity helper t-cells do what | release IL-2 (interleukin) to attract phagocytes to stimulate macrophages and B-cells
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| in cell mediated immunity cytotoxic t-cells do what | work against tumor, transplanted, infected cells to kill them
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| in cell mediated immunity memory helper t-cells and memory cytotoxic t-cells do what | live for years and give rapid response
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| cell mediated immunity heper t-cells need 2 signals to get activated what are they | APC and IL-2 (interleukin)
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| cell mediated immunity cytotoxic t-cells need 2 signals to get activated what are they | helper T-cell and APC or infected body cell
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| where are the B-cells and antibody-mediated response located | lymph nodes, slpeen
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| what happens after cells are activated | rapidly divide and form clones of activated cells and memory cells
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| after activated B-cells change into plasma cells what happens | plasma cells produce antibodies
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| b-cells produce how many antibodies in an hour | 100 million
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| b-cells can activate themselves but | are slower then when activated by t helper cells
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| why are antibodies made and what do they do | neutralizing toxins, coat surface of bacteria to immobilize, bind pathogens together so they don't spread, enhance phagocytosis
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| in primary response in first encounter IgM is first how long before IgG starts working | 1 week
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| in primary response in second encounter IgM is first how long before IgG starts working | same time
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| immunological memory can be artificially acquired by vaccination from | killed cells, isolated antigens, parts of viruses
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| of the 4 types of acquired immunity what is naturally acquired active do | why body responds to exposure to pathogens and environmental antigens (person gets disease)
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| what are the 4 types of acquired immunity | naturally acquired active, artificially acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired passive
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| of the 4 types of acquired immunity what is naturally acquired passive do | antibodies transferred from mother to baby (mother did all work baby did none)
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| of the 4 types of acquired immunity what is artificial acquired active do | response to antigens introduced via a vaccine
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| of the 4 types of acquired immunity what is artificial acquired passive do | receiving antibodies from another person (outside source)
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| what are the aging affects on immunity | thymus atrophies (age 30), fewer t-cells, t helper cells, cytotoxic (cause of thymus getting smaller)causing poor B-cell response causing poorer response to new infection
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| defense against bacteria process | (innate)marcophage activation->Antigen presentation--->activation of cytotoxic T-cell-> destruction of cell by lysis or--->activation of helper T-cells->activate B-cell->antibody production->destruction by lysis
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| where is the lg. collection of lymphoid tissue in body | adult spleen
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| reticular epithelial cells in thymus secrete hormones that do | stem cell divisions and T-cell differentation
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| NK cells sensitive to presence of abnormal cell membranes are primarily involved in | immunological surveillance
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| the lymphatic organs are | spleen, thymus, lymph nodes
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| primary function of lymphatic system is | production, maintenance, distribution of lymphocytes
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| lymphocytes that assist in regulation and coordination of immune response are | helper T and suppressor T cells
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| before an antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte it must be first processed by a | macrophage
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| T-cells that limit immune system activation from single stimulation is | suppressor T-cells
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| 2 major ways that the body carries out immune response | direct by T-cells and circulating antibodies
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| when antigen appears the immune response brgins with | activated specific T-cell and B-cell
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| tonsils are more susceptible to infection cause | lower number of cytotoxic T-cells
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| fetal antibody production is uncommon because the developing fetus has what | natural passive immunity from mother
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| lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses are called | cytotoxic T-cells
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| plasma cells are responsible for the production and secretion of what | antibodies
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| lymphatic system begins in tissues as | lymph capillaries
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| process during macrophages move though endothelial cells of capillary walls is called | diapedesis
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| small proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages and tissue cells infected by viruses are | interferons
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| antibodies that comprise 80% of all antibodies in body | IgG
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| antibodies that naturaly occur in blood plasma that are used to blood type people are | IgM
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| HIV virus attacks what cells in humans | helper T
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| what are the 3 classes of lymphocytes in blood | T and B and NK cells
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| in passive immunity what are injected into body | antibodies
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| lymphatic white pulp in spleen is what | initiation of immune response by B and T cells
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| antibodie produced and secreted by B lymphocytes are soluable protiens called | immunoglobulins
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| cytotoxic T cells are responsible for what type of inmunity | cell-mediated
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| small organic molecules that are not antigens by themselves are called | haptens
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| only antibodies that cross the placenta from mothers blood stream is | IgG
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| what is specific defense | immune response
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| what is fever's patch | lymph nodules in sm intestines
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| what are macrophages | monocytes
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| what are microphages | neutrophils and eosinphils
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| what are mast cells | nonspecific immune response
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| what are interferons | chemical messengers
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| what is antigen contact | type II allergy
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| what type of cell lyse cells directly | cytotoxic T cells
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| what is endocytosis | antigen presentation
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| what are antibodies | 2 parallel pairs of polypeptide chains
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| what is the coating of antibodies called | opsonization
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| what antbodies accompany fetal-maternal Rh imcompatibility | IgG
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| what do interleukins do | enhances nonspecific defenses
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| what releases to resist viral infections | interferons
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| what activates B-cells | lymphokines
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