-Chapter 8
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| Describe the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. | skeletal- attached to bones and moves parts of the skeletal system. straited and voluntary.
cardiac- found only in the heart, forms bulk of the heart. straited and involuntary.
Smooth- located in walls of hollow internal structures.nonstraited,involunta
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| describe the 5 functions of muscular tissue | producing body movements- running, wrtiing, and nodding rely on functions of the bones, joints, and skeletal muscle.
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| describe the 5 functions of muscular tissue | stabilizing body positions- skeletal muscle contractionsstabilize joints and help maintain body positions such as sitting.
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| describe the 5 functions of muscular tissue | regulating organ volume- sustained contractions of sphincters prevent outflow of contents of hollow organs.
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| describe the 5 functions of muscular tissue | stabilizing body positions- skeletal muscle contractionsstabilize joints and help maintain body positions such as sitting.
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| describe the 5 functions of muscular tissue | regulating organ volume- sustained contractions of sphincters prevent outflow of contents of hollow organs.
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| describe the 5 functions of muscular tissue | producing heat- muscular tissue contracts and produces heat. example of this is shivering.
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| describe the 5 functions of muscular tissue | moving substances within the body- cardiac muscle contractions pump the blood thhrough the body's blood vessels
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| describe the function of fascia. | applied to a sheet or blood band of fibrous connective tissue beneath the skin or around around muscles and other organs. it holds muscles together and seperates them into functional groups.
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| describe the 5 functions of muscular tissue | producing heat- muscular tissue contracts and produces heat. example of this is shivering.
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| describe the composition and function of tendon. | a cord of dense regular connective tissue composed of parallel bundles of collagen fiber. the function is to attach a muscle to a bone.
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| describe the function of fascia. | applied to a sheet or blood band of fibrous connective tissue beneath the skin or around around muscles and other organs. it holds muscles together and seperates them into functional groups.
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| describe the functions of sacrolemma, and t-tubules. | sacrolemma- to cover muscle fiber.
t-tubules-tunnel like extensions of the sacrolemma, pass through the muscle fibers from side to side.
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| describe the composition and function of tendon. | a cord of dense regular connective tissue composed of parallel bundles of collagen fiber. the function is to attach a muscle to a bone.
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| describe the function of actin, tropomysin and troponin. | actin- forms microfilaments or an actin filament that is twistde into a helix.
tropomysin and troponin- cover the myosin binding sites on actin in relaxed muscle fibers.
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| describe the functions of sacrolemma, and t-tubules. | sacrolemma- to cover muscle fiber.
t-tubules-tunnel like extensions of the sacrolemma, pass through the muscle fibers from side to side.
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| describe the parts of a neuromuscular junction. | motor neuron- delivers the signal called muscle actionpotential
motor unit- a single motor neuron along with all muscle fibers it stimulates.
motor and plate- region of the sacrolemma near the axon terminal
synaptic cleft-space between the axon sacrole
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| describe the composition and functions of a myofibril. | cylindrical structures that extend along the entire length of muscle fiber.
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| describe the 5 events that happen at NMJ. | 1. release of acetylcholine
2.activation of ACh receptors
3. generation of muscle action potential
**2 and 3 repeat
4. breakdown of ACh
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| describe the function of actin, tropomysin and troponin. | actin- forms microfilaments or an actin filament that is twistde into a helix.
tropomysin and troponin- cover the myosin binding sites on actin in relaxed muscle fibers.
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| describe the parts of a neuromuscular junction. | motor neuron- delivers the signal called muscle actionpotential
motor unit- a single motor neuron along with all muscle fibers it stimulates.
motor and plate- region of the sacrolemma near the axon terminal
synaptic cleft-space between the axon sacrole
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| describe the 5 events that happen at NMJ. | 1. release of acetylcholine
2.activation of ACh receptors
3. generation of muscle action potential
**2 and 3 repeat
4. breakdown of ACh
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| summarize the events that cause contraction and relaxtion | 1. nerve impulses arrive and trigger release of ACh
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| summarize the events that cause contraction and relaxtion | 2. ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft, binds to its receptors in the motor end plate, and triggers a muscle action potential
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| summarize the events that cause contraction and relaxtion | 3.ACh in synaptic cleft destroys ACh so another muscle action potential doesnt arise unless more ACh is released from motor neuron
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| summarize the events that cause contraction and relaxtion | 4.muscle action potential traveling along T tubule opens Ca release channels in the sacroplasmic recticulum membrane
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| summarize the events that cause contraction and relaxtion | 5. Ca2+ binds to troponin on the thin filament, exposing the binding sites for myosin.
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| summarize the events that cause contraction and relaxtion | 6.contraction: power strokes use ATP; myosin heads bind to actin, swivel, and release; thin filaments are pulled toward center of sacromere.
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| summarize the events that cause contraction and relaxtion | 7. Ca2+ release channels in SR close and Ca2+ active transport pumps use ATP to restore low level of calcium ions in sacroplasm.
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| summarize the events that cause contraction and relaxtion | 8. troponin- tropomyosin complex slides back into position where it blocks the myosin binding sites on actin.
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| describe the causes of Ducheyenne muscular Dystrophy. | Ducheyenne- the gene is recessive and is carried on X chromosome and is defectd. Boys who get ot lack almost totally the muscle protein, dystrophin.
Becker- they produce dystrophin, but because the protein structure is altered, the dustrophin
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| describe the causes of Becker Muscular Dystrophy | Becker- they produce dystrophin, but because the protein structure is altered, the dystrophin doesnt function properly.
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| define "cramp" and summarize the causes. | a sudden brief usually painful contractions of a muscle or group of muscles. may be caused by inadequate blood flow to the muscles, cafine, or smoking.
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| describe the causes and symptoms of fibromyalgia. | causes- unknown, but can worsen with physical or mental stress, poor sleep, injury, exposure to cold.
symptoms- aching stiffness, poor sleep, fatigue, anxiety, depression, pain in joints.
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| describe the source of pain in shin splints and their cause. | source- starts along the inside of lower leg, 1-8 inches above the ankle and worsens when a runner rises up toes.
cause- from running on banked tracks or crowned roads.
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| describe the symptoms of myasthenia gravis. | weak drooping eyelids, weak eye muscles, double vision, excessive fatigue of specific muscles, difficulty speaking, swallowing, weakness of legs and arms.
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| describe the sources of pain in tendon inflammation and causes for tendon inflammation. | sources- tendinitis may occur when strong or repeated movement creates excessive friction between tendons outer surface and an adjacent bone.
symptoms- pain, swelling, and restricted movement.
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| describe the symptoms of a muscle strain. | tenderness and swelling because of bleeding inside the muscle which is accompanied with painful spasms and visible bruising.
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