Disease Chapter 15
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| Osteomyelitis is an | inflammation of bone and bone marrow.
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| A common cause of osteomyelitis is | staph ( ) aureus
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| Osteomyelitis is a common complication of an | open FX ( ) AKA
compound FX.
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| Signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis include: | 1. Pain.
2. Chills.
3. Pyrexia ( ).
4. Leukocytosis (
).
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| A complication of osteomyelitis is bone necrosis ( ) called | sequestrum
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| This infection responds well to | antibiotics.
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| Tuberculosis (TB) is primarily a disease of the | lungs.
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| Pulmonary TB ( ) left untreated can spread to the | bones.
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| Pott’s disease is TB that affects the | vertebral column of children.
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| Pott’s disease can lead to | vertebral deformities and paralysis.
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| These vertebral deformities may require | surgical correction.
TB ( ) responds well to
antibiotics ( ).
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| Rickets is a disease affecting | infants and young children.
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| Rickets is caused by a deficiency of | Ca ( ) and/or vitamin D.
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| The bones of the child with rickets are | soft and tend to bend causing deformities ( ).
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| The child’s muscles are flaccid ( ) because | muscles need Ca ( ) for proper muscle contraction.
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| Teething may be delayed and there is a characteristic | pot belly.
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| Rickets is associated with | malabsorption syndrome (
).
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| The most common prophylaxis ( ) and Tx ( ) for rickets is | sunlight ( ) and the RDA (
) of Ca ( ) with vitamin D.
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| Osteomalacia (OM) is a softening and decalcification of the bones in | adults.
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| The bones particularly affected by OM ( ) include the | vertebral column, pelvis, and legs.
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| The bones tend to | bend, deform, and FX ( ) easily.
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| OM ( ) is associated with | malabsorption syndrome (
).
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| The most common prophylaxis ( ) and Tx ( ) for OM ( ) is | sunlight ( ) and the RDA (
) of Ca ( ) with vitamin D.
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| Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with | breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, MS ( ), OP ( ), heart disease, DM ( ) and HTN
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| Osteitis fibrosa cystica (OFC) usually results from hyperparathyroidism which causes | bone decalcification.
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| Signs and symptoms of OFC ( ) include | nephrolithiasis ( ), bone deformities, and spontaneous FXs ( ).
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| Tx of OFC ( ) includes: | removal of parathyroid tumor or parathyroidectomy
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| Osteoporosis (OP) is a | loss or thinning of BMD (
) AKA
osteopenia ( ).
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| Risk factors for OP include: 1 - 7 | 1. Female gender
2. Family hx
3. Deficient vitamin D and/or Ca in the diet.
4.Sedentary lifestyle
5.Smoking.
6. Thin or small frame.
7. 1-2 ETOH ( ) drinks/day doubles the risk of OP
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| Risk factors for OP include: 8 -11 | 8.Excessive caffeine consumption.
9.Being Caucasian or Asian.
10.Estrogen level reduction associated with menopause.
11.Prolonged use of SAIDs Al antacids, diuretics, tetracycline antibiotics, and antiseizure medications.
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| The degree of OP ( ) risk also depends on amount of BMD ( ) acquired between ages | 25-35.
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| Signs and symptoms of OP ( ) include: | 1. A predisposition to FXs especially the wrists, pelvis, and vertebrae.
2. Kyphosis ( ).
3. Loss of HT
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| Dx of OP ( ) depends on | patient hx ( ), bone densitometry, and DEXA
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| Tx of OP ( ) includes: | 1. Sunlight and 500mg x 3 daily of
Ca ( ) with vitamin D.Do not exceed 2500mg/day.
2. Regular exercise.
3. ERT
AKA HRT for postmenopausal women.
4. The use of calcitonin in extreme cases.
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| Bone density tests are recommended for the following: | 1. Type I DM ( ).
2. Liver or kidney disease.
3. Menopause.
4. Over age 50.
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| Paget’s disease is AKA | osteitis deformans.
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| Paget’s disease is an idiopathic ( ) possibly genetic overproduction of | abnormal bone tissue.
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| Signs and symptoms of Paget’s disease include: | 1. Osteomalacia ( ).
2. Easy FXs ( ).
3. Deformities of the legs.
4. Abnormal curvatures in the vertebral column
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| A complication of Paget’s disease is | OS ( ) which is a primary bone malignancy.
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| The most common benign bone tumor is an | osteoma.
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| An osteoma can be | asymptomatic
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| If pain, decreased mobility, or swelling occurs, | surgery is performed to remove the tumor.
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| A primary bone malignancy is called an | osteogenic sarcoma (OS).
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| OS is more common in | young adults
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| A common sign of OS ( ) is easy | FXs ( ).
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| Tx ( ) of OS includes: | 1. Chemotherapy ( ).
2. Surgical removal of tumor
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| Most commonly, malignant bone tumors are secondary tumors that have | metastasized ( ) from another site.
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| These secondary bone tumors cause | easy FXs ( ) and extreme pain
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| The Px ( ) for a secondary bone malignancy is | poor
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| Arthritis is an | inflammation of a joint(s).
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| Arthritic symptoms include: | pain, edema ( ), and stiffness of the joints especially upon waking.
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| Joints commonly affected by arthritis include: | lumbar vertebrae, hips, knees, and fingers.
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| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered | autoimmune and genetic.
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| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most serious form of arthritis and can cause | contractures
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| Signs and symptoms of RA ( ) include | pain, edema ( ), erythema ( ), warmth, and stiffness of the joints especially on waking.
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| RA ( ) is systemic so it can affect | all of the joints.
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| RA ( ) can cause scar tissue to fuse the ends of the bones causing | immobility
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| RA can cause enlargement of the joints called | rheumatoid nodules.
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| Tx of RA ( ) includes: | 1. ROM ( ) exercises.
2. Rest.
3. NSAIDs (
) { }.
4. Enbrel, Orencia, Humira & Simponi
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| Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and can accompany | aging.
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| OA commonly affects joints in the | fingers, neck, low back, knees, and hips.
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| Other causes of OA ( ) include: | 1. Chronic irritation or injury.
2. Heredity.
3. Obesity
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| The primary symptoms of OA are | pain and stiffness of the joint(s).
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| OA ( ) can cause DJD ( ) causing irregular bone deposits called | spurs.
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| There is no cure for OA but the Tx ( ) includes: | 1.ROM exercises.
2.Rest.
3.Heat therapy.
4.Vitamins D,C,E, and beta carotene.
5. Green tea.
6. SAIDs + NSAIDs
7. THR
+
TKR
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| Gout is a form of arthritis that usually affects great toes and is caused by hyperuricemia causing deposits of uric acid crystals in the | joints and kidneys.
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| The onset of gout is usually sudden and frequently affects men over the age of | 40
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| Complications of gout include: | 1. Joint deformities.
2. Kidney damage.
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| Tx ( ) of gout includes: | 1. Refrain from consuming organ meat, anchovies, sardines, and beer.
2. Antigout medication
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| Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is caused by compression of the | median nerve in the wrist.
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| CTS is more common in women and usually strikes around ages | 35-40.
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| Signs and symptoms of CTS ( ) include: | numbness and tingling in the hand progressing to pain that can radiate up the arm to the shoulder
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| CTS is a | RSI
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| CTS ( ) usually develops when a | wrist is kept in a flexed position for extended periods to perform repetitive tasks.
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| High risk groups for CTS include: | 1. Computer users.
2. Beauticians.
3. Dentists.
4. Playing musical instruments.
5. Use of vibrating tools.
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| Dx of CTS ( ) is confirmed with: | 1. A hx ( ) of repetitive hand movements with a flexed wrist.
2. EMG
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| Tx ( ) of CTS includes: | 1. Proper wrist alignment.
2. Avoidance of repetitive movements.
3. Braces and splints.
4. NSAIDs (
) { }.
5. Surgery.
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| A herniated intervertebral disk (HID) is AKA a | slipped or ruptured or bulging disk.
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| A HID occurs more frequently in the | lower lumbar region of the back and is many times caused by poor body mechanics.
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| The primary complication of a HID ( ) is | pressure exerted on the spinal cord and/or spinal nerve(s) causing weakness, tingling, numbness, and extreme pain.
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| A common spinal nerve affected by a HID is the sciatic nerve causing | sciatica
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| Tx of a HID ( ) includes: | 1. Bed rest on a firm mattress.
2. Muscle relaxants 3. Narcotic analgesics 4. Heat application.
5. Trx
6. TENS
7. Surgery
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| Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a hereditary disease of which there are several forms causing | muscle degeneration ( ) which totally disables the individual
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| The most common and serious form of MD ( ) is called | Duchenne.
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| MD ( ) can appear at any age but generally starts appearing at age | 3 to 5.
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| Most individuals with MD do not live to | adulthood.
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| Death is caused by the effect of MD on the | heart and respiratory muscles.
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| Dx of MD ( ) is confirmed by an | EMG ( ) and muscle Bx
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| Tx ( ) of MD includes: | PT ( ), OT ( ), and orthopedic assistance devices
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| Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an | idiopathic ( ) autoimmune neuromuscular disorder.
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| MG occurs more often in | women.
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| MG is caused by a defect in the | transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles.
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| MG ( ) has been linked to | abnormal antibodies produced by the thymus.
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| Muscles commonly involved in MG include: | 1. Eye movement.
2. Eyelid movement.
3. Facial expressions.
4. Chewing.
5. Talking.
6. Swallowing.
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| Tx ( ) for MG ( ) includes: | 1. Thymectomy (
).
2. Immunosuppressants
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| A hernia is a | protrusion of a structure through the tissue in which it is normally enclosed.
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| A HH ( ) is a | protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm AKA
diaphragmatic hernia.
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| An UH ( ) is a | protrusion of the intestine through the umbilicus.
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| An IH ( ) usually refers to a | protrusion of the small intestine into the scrotum.
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| A strangulated ( ) hernia can cause | ischemia (
) and/or necrosis
( ) to the tissue it surrounds.
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| Tx ( ) of a hernia includes: | 1. Abdominal supports ( ).
2. Hernioplasty
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| An acute contagious skin disease caused by staph ( ) + strep ( ) especially in children is | impetigo.
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| Impetigo is characterized by: | 1. Erythema
2. Oozing vesicles ( ).
3. Pustules ( ) with a honey colored crust.
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| Tx ( ) of impetigo includes: | 1. Wash with soap and water.
2. Keep lesions dry (
).
3. Topical antibiotics
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| Lyme disease is a bacterial disease transmitted by the bite of a | deer tick.
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| Signs and symptoms of Lyme disease usually occur 3-30 days after exposure and include: | 1. “Bull’s eye rash”
2. Flu like signs and symptoms such as:
a.Malaise
b. Cephalalgia
c. Chills.
d. Pyrexia
e. Arthralgias
f. Myalgias ( ).
g. Lymphadenopathy
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| Treatment (Tx) of Lyme disease includes | antibiotics
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| Untreated Lyme disease can cause permanent damage to the | heart, joints, and nervous system.
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| HSV I causes herpetic stomatitis AKA | “cold sores” or “fever blisters”
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| Herpetic stomatitis is usually found near the | oral labiae
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| The HSVI ( ) can be dormant in the body for months but frequently becomes active when a person is under | stress or when their immune system is weakened
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| Treatment (Tx) of the herpes simplex virus I (HSVI) includes | antiviral drugs
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| Tinea refers to | fungal infections.
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| Tinea corporis is AKA | ringworm.
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| Tinea corporis causes | erythematous ( ) ringed shaped pruritic ( ) lesions.
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| Tinea pedis is AKA | athlete’s foot.
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| Tinea pedis frequently attacks the skin between the toes causing | fissures ( ), pruritus
( ), and pain.
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| Tinea cruris is AKA | jock itch.
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| Tinea cruris causes | erythematous ( ) ring-like areas with vesicles
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| Areas of the body susceptible to tinea are usually | warm, dark, and moist environments.
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| Tx ( ) of tinea includes: | 1. Keeping susceptible areas dry.
2. Topical antifungal medications
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| Pediculosis is AKA | lice.
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| Pediculosis ( ) can infest the | head, pubic area ( ), and the body.
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| Head lice are common among children and are transmitted by direct contact or fomites such as | combs, scarves, hats, and bed linen.
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| The primary symptom of pediculosis ( ) is | pruritus
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| Pediculosis (lice) are difficult to see but their white eggs ( ) can be located on the | hair shaft.
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| Tx ( ) of pediculosis ( ) includes: | 1. Medicated shampoos
2. Use of a fine toothed comb.
3. Washing clothes in hot water
( ) and machine drying.
4. Leave the house for 55 hours to allow the lice to die.
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| Some studies show that lice are becoming | resistant to the medicated shampoos.
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| Scabies is a contagious skin infestation caused by the | “itch mite.”
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| Signs and symptoms of scabies include | vesicles ( ), pustules ( ), and intense pruritus
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| Scabies are usually transmitted by | skin to skin contact.
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| Tx ( ) of scabies includes: | 1. Scrubbing with medicated soaps and shampoos ( ) in hot baths.
2. Washing clothes in hot water
( ) and machine drying.
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| Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a noncontagious inflammation of the skin caused by an | allergic response.
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| Common allergies include: | 1. Plants such as poison ivy or oak
2. Chemicals found in clothing dyes, soaps, and perfumes.
3. Metals such as nickel found in costume jewelry etc.
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| Signs and symptoms of ACD ( ) include: | 1. Erythema ( ).
2. Vesicles ( ).
3. Pruritus
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| Treatment (Tx) of ACD ( ) includes: | 1. Removal of the allergen.
2. Topical SAIDs (
) { }.
3. Antihistamines ( ).
4. Antipruritic medications
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| Atopic dermatitis (AD) is AKA | eczema.
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| Eczema is an idiopathic ( ) skin disorder causing | erythematous ( ), dry, and crusted patches on the skin.
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| AD ( ) usually affects those with | allergies and asthma.
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| Eczema outbreaks will disappear in half of all children effected by | adolescence.
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| Tx ( ) of atopic dermatitis (AD) includes the use of | SAIDs
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| A nevus is AKA | mole.
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| A nevus ( ) is a benign skin lesion that can become | malignant.
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| Signs and symptoms that indicate a possible change of a nevus ( ) to a malignant lesion include: | 1. Change in the size or shape.
2. Pruritus ( ).
3. Soreness.
4. Discharge.
5. Darkening of the nevus
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| The ABCDEs of moles include: | Asymmetry or one half does not match the other half.
Border or edges are ragged, blurred, or irregular.
Color is not the same throughout.
Diameter is larger than the eraser of a pencil.
Elevated or raised from the skin.
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| Tx ( ) of a suspect nevus ( ) involves: | surgical removal or cryosurgery
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| Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer that is | slow growing and usually nonmetastasizing.
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| BCC ( ) usually develops on the face or neck of light skinned men ( ) who are | over exposed to UV ( ) light
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| Treatment (Tx) of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) involves: | 1. Surgical removal of the tumor.
2. Radiation therapy.
3. Chemotherapy
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| Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a more serious skin lesion because it | metastasizes ( ) through the lymph vessels.
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| SCC ( ) usually develops on the face, ears, neck, lips, and back of the hands of light skinned men ( ) who are | over exposed to UV ( ) light
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| Treatment (Tx) of SCC ( ) involves | 1. Surgical removal of the tumor. 2. Radiation therapy. 3. Chemotherapy
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| Malignant (metastatic) melanoma (MM) is the most serious form of skin cancer because it | metastasizes ( ) early.
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| MM ( ) can develop from a nevus ( ) and is associated with | overexposure to UV ( ) light ( ) in Caucasians
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| Treatment (Tx) of malignant (metastatic) melanoma (MM) involves: | surgical removal of the tumor and surrounding lymph nodes.
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| The prognosis (Px) for MM ( ) depends on the | degree of metastasis
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| Tanning beds emit ____-____% more UVA rays than the sun. | 50-75
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| Exposure to tanning beds for people under 30 increases skin cancer risk | 75%.
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| To protect your skin from UVA + UVB, sunscreen should contain | mexoryl or avobenzone.
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| Acne vulgaris (AV) is caused by a clogging of the | sebaceous ( ) glands.
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| Characteristics of AV ( ) include: | 1. Comedones ( ) indicate noninflammatory acne. 2. Pustules ( ) indicate inflammatory acne.
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| Treatment (Tx) of AV ( ) includes: | 1. Benzoyl peroxide. 2. Stridex. 3. Keeping the hands away from the face. 4. Gentle cleaning of the skin twice a day.
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| Rosacea is an idiopathic ( ) cyclic progressive inflammatory skin disease that causes | facial erythema ( ), edema ( ), papules ( ), pustules ( ), and pain.
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| Treatment (Tx) of rosacea includes: | 1. Avoidance of triggers ( ). 2. Topical vitamin A ( ). 3. Oracea.
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| Psoriasis is an idiopathic ( ) autoimmune chronic ( ) skin disease with a hereditary basis of which there is no | cure.
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| The psoriasis lesions are | erythematous ( ) patches with white or silvery scales.
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| The psoriasis lesions primarily form on the | elbows and knees but the trunk, arms, legs, and scalp can be affected.
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| Psoriasis can be exacerbated ( ) by: | 1. Stress. 2. Changes in climate. 3. NSAIDs ( ). 4. Injuries to the skin. 5. Infections.
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| Treatment (Tx) of psoriasis includes controlling lesions with: | 1. Coal-tar medications ( ). 2. SAIDs ( ). 3. UV light therapy
🗑
|
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