Skeletal System-Bones
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| Bones | Calcified Connective Tissue
Cells (osteocytes) in a matrix of ground substances and collagen fibers
Reservoir for Calcium and Phosphorus
Act as levelers on which muscles act to produce movement permitted by joints
Contain marrow
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| Bones classification | According to shape:long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
According to developmental history: endochondral and membranous
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| Bone marrow | internal soft tissue where blood cells are formed
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| Long Bones | Develop by Endochondral Ossification (replacement of hyaline cartilage plate)
Parts: Diaphysis (shaft), Epiphyses (2 ends)& Metaphysis (part where diaphysis is adjacent to the epuphyses)
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| Long Bones Examples | humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, & phalanges
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| Diaphysis (Long Bones) | shaft (central region)
Composed of thick tube of compact bone enclosing marrow cavity
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| Metaphysis (Long Bones) | part of diaphysis
Growth zone between diaphysis and epiphyses during bone development
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| Epiphyses (Long Bones) | Expanded articular ends
Composed of Spongy bone and surrounded by thin layer of Compact bone
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| Short Bones | Composed of Spongy bone and Marrow
Surrounded by thin outer layer of Compact bone
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| Sort Bones Examples | Carpal & Tarsal bones (Cuboid Shaped)
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| Flat Bones | Two layers of Compact bone enclosing Spongy bone and Marrow space
Have articular surface covered with Fibrocartilage
Grow by replacement of Connective Tissue
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| Flat Bones Examples | Ribs, Sternum, Scapulae, Vault of Skull
Bones
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| Irregular Bones | Mostly Spongy bone enveloped by thin layer of Compact bone
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| Irregular Bones Examples | Bones of mixed shapes ex. bones of skull, vertebrae and coxa
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| Sasamoid Bones | Develop in certain tendons and reduce friction on the tendon (protect from excessive wear)
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| Sesamoid Bones Examples | Found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs, as the wrist and knee (ex. patella)
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| OSTEOBLAST | Synthesizes new bob
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| OSTEOCLAST | Resorption= break down bone matrix and release calcium and minerals
Remodeling of bone
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| PARATHYROID HORMONE | mobilization of calcium by promoting bone resorption
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| CALCITONIN | suppresses mobilization of calcium from bone
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| OSTEOID | organic matrix of bone prior calcification
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| OSTEOMALACIA | gradual softening of the bone due to failure of bone to calcify
due to lack of Vit. D or renal tubular dysfunction
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| OSTEOPENIA | decreased calcification of bone or reduced bone mass
due to inadequate osteoid synthesis
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| OSTEOPOROSIS | age-related disorder
decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures of the hip, vertebra, and wrist
Bone resorption outpaces bone formation
Signs: vertebral compression, loss of body height, development of kyphosis, & hip fracture
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| OSTEOPETROSIS | abnormally dense bone, obliterating the marrow cavity
Due to defective resportion of immature bone
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