Lipids/Lipoproteins
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| Cholesterol travels in circualtion in shperical particles containing both lipids and proteins. These particles are called? | lipoproteins
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| what are the three main classes of lipoproteins measured in the serum | VLDL, LDL, HDL
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| VLDL are composed mostly of? | triglycerides
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| what is the main atherogenic class of lipoproteins | LDL
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| How does HDL affect ones risk for development of atherosclerosis | inversely
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| how often should a fasting lipoprotein profile be obtained | in adults over 20 it should be obtained every 5 years
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| In a patient that is non-fasting what parts of the fasting lipoprotein profile will be usable | the Total and HDL will be usable (get follow-up if total is >200 or HDL is <40)
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| what is the optimal level for LDL | <100
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| what level of LDL is high | >160
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| what level of Total cholesterol is desirable | <200
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| what level of total cholesterol is high | >240
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| what level of HDL is desireable | >40
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| what are the 5 modifiable CHD risk factors | 1) Smoking 2)Hypertension 3) Low HDL 4) Family Hx 5) Age
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| what is the LDL goal if you have CHD or CHD risk equivalents | <100
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| what is the LDL goal if you have 2+ risk factors | <130
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| what is the LDL goal if you have 0-1 risk factors | <160
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| oxidation of LDL has been shown to increase atherogenesis how can that be inhibited | anti-oxidants
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| what is the only gentically determined component of lipoproteins | apolipoproteins
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| what is the major protein component of HDL particles | Apolipoprotein A1
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| what is the major protein component of LDl | Apolipoprotein B100
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| how does Lp(a) affect thrombosis | Lp(a) can compete for the binding of plasminogen to its cell membrane receptor on the endothelial surface
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| how does homocysteine enhance the atherosclerotic process | Generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, enhanced coagulation, inhibiting dilation of small arteries, promoting smooth muscle proliferation
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| what happens when Homocystein and LDL interact | they form LDL-homocysteine thiolactone aggregates which are taken up by macrophages and subsequently incorporated into foam cells in early atherosclerotic plaques
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| how can you lower serum concentrations of homocysteine | treatment with daily supplements of folic acid, vitamins B6 and B12
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| what is a better predictor of cardiovascular events fasting or non-fasting triglycerides | non-fasting triglycerides
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| how are foam cells formed from LDL | Ox-LDL is taken up in macrophage scavenger receptors, promoting cholesterol ester accumulation and foam cell formation
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