ch 21 and 22
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| What is the 1st line of defense? | skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions
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| What is the 2nd line of defense? | White blood cells (phagocytes and T cells) they recognize, attack and eat foreign particles.
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| Which cells do not contribute to immunity? | NK- natural killer cells
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| macrophage | phagocyte produced from monocyte, important in inflammatory response
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| inflammatory response | phagocytes produce cytokines that limit inflammation and begin healing
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| inflammatory chemical | histamine
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| inate defenses | skin and mucosa, phagocytes, nk cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever
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| adaptive defenses | humoral and cellular immunity
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| nonspecific immunity | inate defenses
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| specific immunity | humoral: B cells
cellular: T cells
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| clonal selection | B cells divide after being stimulated by antigen. make plasma and memory cells
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| complete antigens | substances with both immunogenicity and reactivity
stimulates an immune response and reacts with the products of that response
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| incomplete antigen | unable to cause immune response by themselves, but can if bound to body proteins
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| B cells | white blood cells that produce antibodies
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| T cells | thymus cells that produce substances that attack infected cells
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| Where do B cells originate? | Bone Marrow
moves to spleen and lymph nodes produces immunity
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| Where do T cells originate? | bone marrow
mature in the thymus
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| antibody types | IgM, IgA, IgE, IgG, IgD
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| IgG | most common, crosses placenta
complement
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| IgM | bound to B cells, activates complement, blood typing
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| IgA | body secretions and colostrum
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| IgE | binds to mast cells, when linked to allergen produces histamine
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| IgD | attaches to and activates B cells
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| Types of T cells | helper T and cytotoxic T cells
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| cytotoxic T cells | release toxins that break down host infected tumor, cancer, transplanted cells
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| Helper T cells | activate cytotoxic cells and macrophages, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
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| autoimmune disease | chronic disabling disease- abnormal production of antibodies
MS and lupus
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| phagocytic cells | WBCs that surround and eat invading bacteria
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
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| agglutination | clumping of molecules or cells caused by antibody- antigen reaction
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| inflammation | response of body tissues to injury or irritation
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| regulatory T cells | inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells
limit immune response
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| conducting zone | nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. cleanse, warm and moisten air before it reaches site of gas exchange
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| metabolic reason for respiration | carbon dioxide
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| speech production | respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation
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| respiratory membrane | gas exchange occurs between air on the alveolar side and the blood on the capillary side. alveolar side thin- diffusion
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| transpulmonary pressure | pressure difference from w/in pleural cavity, keeps lungs inflated
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| asthma attack | bronchial tubes spasm and narrow, tight chest, SOB body doesnt use air efficiently because trying to expand chest
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| Boyle's Law | relationship between pressure and volume of gas at a constant temperature. volume increase, pressure decreases
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| Henry's Law | at a given temperature, solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid
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| infant respiratory distress syndrome | lung condition of premature babies, tachypnea and resp grunting, lack of surfactant
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| Dalton's Law | total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to sum of all
p1+p2+p3
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| What is the most important respiratory chemical? | carbon dioxide
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| larynx | voice box, passage for air between pharynx and trachea, contains vocal cords
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| pharynx | throat passage for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
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| epiglottis | lid that covers larynx when swallowing to prevent food in the airway
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| surfactant | decreases surface tension in the alveoli, allows lungs to expand
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| residual volume | volume of air remaining in the lungs after max forced exhalation 1200ml
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| What is the difference between natural killer cells and cytotoxic cells? | They use same mechanisms but NK cells do not look for foreign antigens, they search for other abnormalities
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| negative respiratory pressure | lower than atmospheric pressure
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| positive respiratory pressure | greater than atmospheric pressure
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| zero respiratory pressure | equal to atmospheric pressure
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| 5 tasks of immune system | recognition
lymphocyte selection
lymphocyte activation
destruction of foreign substance
memorization
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| pulmonary ventilation | inspiration and expiration
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| external respiration | gas exchange between lungs and blood
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| gas transport | distributing oxygen to body, collecting CO2 and returning to lungs
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| internal respiration | gas exchange between blood, interstitial fluids, and the cells. cellular respiration generates energy
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| tidal volume | 500ml amount of air inhaled during normal breathing
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| inspiratory reserve volume IRV | the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled
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| expiratory reserve volume ERV | 1200ml additional air that can be forcibly exhaled
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| residual volume RV | 1200ml volume of air remaining in the lungs after ERV is gone
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| Total Lung capacity TLC | 6000ml TV+IRV+ERV+RV= TLC
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| vital capacity | 4800ml total air expired
TV+IRV+ERV= VC approx 80% of TLC
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| inspiratory capacity | 3600ml max amount of air inhaled
TV+IRV=IC
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| functional residual capacity FRC | 2400ml amount of air in lungs after normal expiration RV+ERV=FRC
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