anatomy midterm study stack
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| anatomy is about structure and physiology is function of organism | true
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| study of structures seen with naked eye | gross anatomy
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| complex to simplest organism hierachy | tissues-cells-organelles-molecules
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| body maintain stable internal conditions | homeostasis
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| stable internal temp. maintained by mechanism: | negative feedback loop
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| beneficial pos feedback | blood clotting
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| anatomical position in a stancs which person stands erect with feet flat on floor,arms sides, palms,and face upward | false
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| plane divides body into left and right portions | sagittal
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| anterior | toward the front
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| lungs are in this cavity | thoracic
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| not element of body | sodium
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| charged PARTICLES with unequal number of protons | ions
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| minerals help enzyme reactions in the body | true
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| property of water is chemical reactivity | true
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| mixture 1-100nm,scatters light,particles don't pass through sp membrane, and particles remain mixed | colloid
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| pH of 8 | basic
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| system resists changes in pH | buffer
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| reactions that release energgy ,break covalent bonds, and produce smaller molecules | metabolism
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| primary function of phospholipid | provide structural foundation of cell membrane
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| proteins that function as biological catalysts | hormones
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| cell theory says cells come only from pre existing cells | true
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| cells that are thin and flat with nucleus that creates bulge | squamous
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| 3 basic components of cytoplasm | cytosol,cytoskeleton, and organelles
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| one of the functions of the plasma membrane is to govern interactions with other cells | true
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| plasma membrane is composed of | phospholipids
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| molecule called second messenger | cAMP
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| not a function of proteins in the plasma membrane | component of chromatin
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| cholesterol doesn NOT have a funtional role in the plasma membrane it is only stored there | false
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| glycocalyx plays an important role in... | protection,cell adhesion,fertilization,embryonic development
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| microvilli are best described as cells specialized in... | absorption
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| where can u find motile cilia? | respiratort tract
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| activve transport mechanisms consume energy in ATP | true
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| passive transport mechanisms are | osmosis,filtration, and diffusion
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| flow of water from one selectively permeable membrane to the other side towards higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes | osmosis
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| solution has higher concentration of nopermeating solutes than fluid inside cells | hypertonic
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| rbcs contain 300mOsm/L dissolved particles.if they were placed in solution containing 100 mOsm/L of glucose? | cells would absorb water,swell, and eventually burst
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| active transport is used by cells to move particles against their concentration gradient | true
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| transport of glucose and sodium ions into the cell by SGLT protein is.. | secondary active transport
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| require channel proteins to cross the cell membrane | hydrophilic
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| lysosomes contain enzymes whose main function is | hydrolytic degradation of organic chemicals
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| proteins synthesized by amino acids | ribosomes
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| chromatin is localized in | nucleus
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| glycogen granuels,pigments,and fat droplets are stored in | inclusions
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| synthesis of steroids and other lipids occur in | smooth er
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| play a role in cell division | centrioles
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| microtubules are important in facilitating movement of organelles | true
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| ___are not part of skeletal system | tendons
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| hypocalacemia leads to___? | tetany
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| not a function of the skeletal system | hormone secretion
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| when calcium concentraion in tthe blood is too high ___ is secreted | calcitonin
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| organic part of bone tissue | collagen and cp complexes
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| voluntary and striated | skeletal
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| contractile proteins | actin and myosin
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| small motor units | require fine degree of control
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| not a universal characteristic of muscle | striations
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| myofilaments and muscle become shorter during contraction | false
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| myglobin does? | stores oxygen
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| dystrophin does? | transfer forces of musclee contraction to connective tissue
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| myofilaments are composed of? | proteins
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| tropomyosin does? | block active sites on actin
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| nerve fiber meets muscle fiber | synapse
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| resting memebrane potential is ___ and it is present in ___ muscle fiber | stable voltage,unstimulated cell
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| 4 major phases of muscle contraction and relaxation | excitation,coupling,contraction, and relaxation
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| partial state of contraction in resting muscle | muscle tone
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| what happens when Ach binds to its receptors? | channels for na and k open
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| sequence of muscle excitation | nerve signal open ca channels,calcium stimulates exocytosis of Ach ,Ach binds to receptors
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| muscle develops tension but does not shorten? | isometric contraction
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| calcium ions couple excitation of the muscle with its contraction | true
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| function of Ach | open na and k channels
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| last step in excitation coupling | change shape of troponin-tropomyosin complex
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| endurance training muscles do? | acquire more blood cappillaries
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| lactic acid during prolonged use causes muscle fatigue | true
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| part of phosphagen system | creatine phosphate
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| determines person's endurance | maximum oxygen uptake
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| source of of atp after phososphagen system is exhausted | glycogen-lactic acid system
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| resistance training results in | muscle growth
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| muscle fibers not resistant to fatigue and poor in mitochondria | fast glycolytic
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| source of atp 40 secs after max. activity | aerobic respiration supported by function of the heart and lungs
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| oxygen debt is the diff btw resting rate of oxygen consumption and elevated rate during exercise | false
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| nucleic acids are synthesized by connecting many building unitts called | nucleotides
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| connects two strands of dna | hydrogen bonds
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| #nucleotides in dna? | 3
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| dna replication is very exact due to ___law | complementary base pairing
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| dna replication in what phase? | S
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| division of cytoplasm into2 cells | cytokinesis
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| main component of chromatin | dna
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| translate genetic information contained in dna to sequence of amino acids | genetic code
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| when cells divide___ can be seen under miscroscope | chromosomes
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| all body cells contain ideentical genes | false
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| enzyme involved in dna replication | helicase
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| sequence of nucleotides becomes sequence of amino acids | translation
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| molecules synthesized as results of transcription | mRNA
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| cells do not divide by mitosis | sperm
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| rna that migrates from nucleus to cytoplasm and its code is read by ribosomes | mRNA
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| cell replicates its nucleus in what phase | g2
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| g1 g2 and s are called | interphase
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| change in dna structure due to replication errors | mutation
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| function of ribosomes | assemble amino acids into protein based on codons of mrna
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| fragment of dna that contains info about a molecules of rna that is needed to be synthesis of 1 or more proteins | gene
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| determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein | sequence of nucleotides in dna
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| human cells contain _chromosomes | 46
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| rna that delivers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis | tRNA
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| growth of all tissues after birth is function of mitosis | true
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| genome? | all the dna in one set of chromosomes
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| cellular organelles contain r RNA | ribosomes
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| sequence of 3 bases in mRNA represnting one amino acid | codon
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| chromosomes aligned on cell equator | metaphase
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| all reactions of the body are called | metabolism
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| synthesis of proteins in a cell ex of ? | anabolism
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| most universal electron acceptor | oxygen
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| in the absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid ? | anaerobic fermentation
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| cause of hepatitits | virsues
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| all the steps of gluclose catabolism occur thanks to the presence of | enzymes
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| in order to prevent gluclose from escaping from the cells its converted to | g6p
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| oxidation of lipids to generate energy is ex? | catabolism
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| glucose splits in to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid | glycolysis
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| during glucose catabolism most energy is stored as heat | true
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| organ cant process anerobic fermentation | brain
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| coenzymes that are reduced in citric acid cycle | electron transport chain
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| final step of aerobic respiration,oxygen is reduced to ? | water
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| any chemical reaction, molecules lose electrons and energy is released | oxidation
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| all sugars consumed with food | glucose
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| function of glucose oxidation is? | prod of atp
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| starting reactant of glycolysis | glucose
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| #atp molecules produced by complete oxidation of glucose | 38
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| synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates | gluconeogenesis
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| substance needed for mitochondria to make atp | oxygen
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| oxidized molecules have more potential energy than reduced | false
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| determines the fate of of pyruvic acid | availability of oxygen
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| acetyl-coa is oxidized to form atp,co2,and reduced coenzymes | citric acid cycle
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| fad plus h2 =fadh2 is ex of? | reduction
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| oxidation of pyruvic acid to water and co2 in mitochondria | aerobic respiration
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| direct driving force of atp synthesis | protons rushing back in the space btw membranes
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| role of glycogen synthesis | storage of glucose
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| organ imp for metabolism | liver
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| final acceptor of electrons from elec trans chain | oxygen
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| organ is a structure with discrete boundaries that are composed of one specific tissue type | false
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| not a primary type of tissue | adipose
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| doesnt belong to primary germ layer | pachyderm
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| less space than extracellular materal and not in direct contact with eachother | connective
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| main components of the basement membrane that connects et and ct> | collagen
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| apical surface faces the basement membrane | false
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| flat sheets,upper surface of body exposed to environment, and no blood vessels | epithelial
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| secrete heparin to inhibit clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels | mast cells
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| nervous and mucle tissue different from other tissues because? | high degree of excitability
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| communication by electrical and chemical signal _tissue? | nervous
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| normal death of tissue after completeing function | apoptosis
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| sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off | infarction
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| tissue growth through cell multiplication | hyperplasia
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| unspecialized tissues of embryo become specialized mature types of tissue | diffferentiation
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| cells are short contain one nucleus,straited and involuntary | cardiac
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| forms layers of digestive tract,respiratory and urinary | smooth muscle
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| main component of tendons and ligaments | collagenous fibers
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| nerves respond to outside stimuli by | transmision of signals to other cells
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| tissue is a group of diff cells and cell products that arise from diff regions of embryo and perform diff but complementary functions | false
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| undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function but have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature cells are ? | stem cells
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| regeneration doesnt restore noraml function | false
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| premature pathological death of tissue due to trauma | necrosis
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| ground substance of ct that is gelatinous due to | polysacchrides
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| not a type of ct | keratinized
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| housekeepers of ns | neuroglia
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| glands which have no ducts and secrete hormones | endocrine
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| glands prod watery secretions sweat etc | serous
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| development of tumor with ab nonfunctional tissue | neoplasia
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| stem cells that have greater developm plasticity | embryonic
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| muscle tissue voluntary | skeletal
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| binds organs | fibrous
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| internal memb that covers organs and lines walls of body cavaities | serous
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| part of neuron sends signals to other cells | axon
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| secretes substances for use in body | gland
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| ground substance of blood | plasma
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| involved in blood clotting | platelets
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| lines passages that are open to the ext.environment | mucosa
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| microscopic anatomy | histology
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| specialize in phagoctyosis | macrophages
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| doesnt belong to integumentary system | endocrine glands
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| not a part of the skin | hypodermis
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| cyanosis caused by | deficiency of oxygen in blood
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| skin contributes to thermoregulation by | constricting and dilation of b vessels
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| epidermis belongs to _tissue? | epithelial
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| defend against toxins ,microbes, and pathogens | dendritic
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| skin cancer most deadly | malignant melanoma
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| melanin accumulates in what cells | kerantinocytes
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| uv rays doesnt help the body | false
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| synthesis of _ is in the skin | d
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| dead cells at the surface are packed with | keratin
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| burn damages epidermis and part of dermis | second degree
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| sweat glands,blood vessels are in what layer | dermis
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| not one cause of death due to burns | loss of protein
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| epidermal water barrierr does? | prevents dehydration
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| factor influences amount of melanin in skin | exposure to uv rays
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| epidermis is supplied with blood vessels | false
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| resistance of the skin to trauma and infection is due to | keratin
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