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A&P1(:
anatomy midterm study stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomy is about structure and physiology is function of organism | true |
| study of structures seen with naked eye | gross anatomy |
| complex to simplest organism hierachy | tissues-cells-organelles-molecules |
| body maintain stable internal conditions | homeostasis |
| stable internal temp. maintained by mechanism: | negative feedback loop |
| beneficial pos feedback | blood clotting |
| anatomical position in a stancs which person stands erect with feet flat on floor,arms sides, palms,and face upward | false |
| plane divides body into left and right portions | sagittal |
| anterior | toward the front |
| lungs are in this cavity | thoracic |
| not element of body | sodium |
| charged PARTICLES with unequal number of protons | ions |
| minerals help enzyme reactions in the body | true |
| property of water is chemical reactivity | true |
| mixture 1-100nm,scatters light,particles don't pass through sp membrane, and particles remain mixed | colloid |
| pH of 8 | basic |
| system resists changes in pH | buffer |
| reactions that release energgy ,break covalent bonds, and produce smaller molecules | metabolism |
| primary function of phospholipid | provide structural foundation of cell membrane |
| proteins that function as biological catalysts | hormones |
| cell theory says cells come only from pre existing cells | true |
| cells that are thin and flat with nucleus that creates bulge | squamous |
| 3 basic components of cytoplasm | cytosol,cytoskeleton, and organelles |
| one of the functions of the plasma membrane is to govern interactions with other cells | true |
| plasma membrane is composed of | phospholipids |
| molecule called second messenger | cAMP |
| not a function of proteins in the plasma membrane | component of chromatin |
| cholesterol doesn NOT have a funtional role in the plasma membrane it is only stored there | false |
| glycocalyx plays an important role in... | protection,cell adhesion,fertilization,embryonic development |
| microvilli are best described as cells specialized in... | absorption |
| where can u find motile cilia? | respiratort tract |
| activve transport mechanisms consume energy in ATP | true |
| passive transport mechanisms are | osmosis,filtration, and diffusion |
| flow of water from one selectively permeable membrane to the other side towards higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes | osmosis |
| solution has higher concentration of nopermeating solutes than fluid inside cells | hypertonic |
| rbcs contain 300mOsm/L dissolved particles.if they were placed in solution containing 100 mOsm/L of glucose? | cells would absorb water,swell, and eventually burst |
| active transport is used by cells to move particles against their concentration gradient | true |
| transport of glucose and sodium ions into the cell by SGLT protein is.. | secondary active transport |
| require channel proteins to cross the cell membrane | hydrophilic |
| lysosomes contain enzymes whose main function is | hydrolytic degradation of organic chemicals |
| proteins synthesized by amino acids | ribosomes |
| chromatin is localized in | nucleus |
| glycogen granuels,pigments,and fat droplets are stored in | inclusions |
| synthesis of steroids and other lipids occur in | smooth er |
| play a role in cell division | centrioles |
| microtubules are important in facilitating movement of organelles | true |
| ___are not part of skeletal system | tendons |
| hypocalacemia leads to___? | tetany |
| not a function of the skeletal system | hormone secretion |
| when calcium concentraion in tthe blood is too high ___ is secreted | calcitonin |
| organic part of bone tissue | collagen and cp complexes |
| voluntary and striated | skeletal |
| contractile proteins | actin and myosin |
| small motor units | require fine degree of control |
| not a universal characteristic of muscle | striations |
| myofilaments and muscle become shorter during contraction | false |
| myglobin does? | stores oxygen |
| dystrophin does? | transfer forces of musclee contraction to connective tissue |
| myofilaments are composed of? | proteins |
| tropomyosin does? | block active sites on actin |
| nerve fiber meets muscle fiber | synapse |
| resting memebrane potential is ___ and it is present in ___ muscle fiber | stable voltage,unstimulated cell |
| 4 major phases of muscle contraction and relaxation | excitation,coupling,contraction, and relaxation |
| partial state of contraction in resting muscle | muscle tone |
| what happens when Ach binds to its receptors? | channels for na and k open |
| sequence of muscle excitation | nerve signal open ca channels,calcium stimulates exocytosis of Ach ,Ach binds to receptors |
| muscle develops tension but does not shorten? | isometric contraction |
| calcium ions couple excitation of the muscle with its contraction | true |
| function of Ach | open na and k channels |
| last step in excitation coupling | change shape of troponin-tropomyosin complex |
| endurance training muscles do? | acquire more blood cappillaries |
| lactic acid during prolonged use causes muscle fatigue | true |
| part of phosphagen system | creatine phosphate |
| determines person's endurance | maximum oxygen uptake |
| source of of atp after phososphagen system is exhausted | glycogen-lactic acid system |
| resistance training results in | muscle growth |
| muscle fibers not resistant to fatigue and poor in mitochondria | fast glycolytic |
| source of atp 40 secs after max. activity | aerobic respiration supported by function of the heart and lungs |
| oxygen debt is the diff btw resting rate of oxygen consumption and elevated rate during exercise | false |
| nucleic acids are synthesized by connecting many building unitts called | nucleotides |
| connects two strands of dna | hydrogen bonds |
| #nucleotides in dna? | 3 |
| dna replication is very exact due to ___law | complementary base pairing |
| dna replication in what phase? | S |
| division of cytoplasm into2 cells | cytokinesis |
| main component of chromatin | dna |
| translate genetic information contained in dna to sequence of amino acids | genetic code |
| when cells divide___ can be seen under miscroscope | chromosomes |
| all body cells contain ideentical genes | false |
| enzyme involved in dna replication | helicase |
| sequence of nucleotides becomes sequence of amino acids | translation |
| molecules synthesized as results of transcription | mRNA |
| cells do not divide by mitosis | sperm |
| rna that migrates from nucleus to cytoplasm and its code is read by ribosomes | mRNA |
| cell replicates its nucleus in what phase | g2 |
| g1 g2 and s are called | interphase |
| change in dna structure due to replication errors | mutation |
| function of ribosomes | assemble amino acids into protein based on codons of mrna |
| fragment of dna that contains info about a molecules of rna that is needed to be synthesis of 1 or more proteins | gene |
| determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein | sequence of nucleotides in dna |
| human cells contain _chromosomes | 46 |
| rna that delivers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis | tRNA |
| growth of all tissues after birth is function of mitosis | true |
| genome? | all the dna in one set of chromosomes |
| cellular organelles contain r RNA | ribosomes |
| sequence of 3 bases in mRNA represnting one amino acid | codon |
| chromosomes aligned on cell equator | metaphase |
| all reactions of the body are called | metabolism |
| synthesis of proteins in a cell ex of ? | anabolism |
| most universal electron acceptor | oxygen |
| in the absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid ? | anaerobic fermentation |
| cause of hepatitits | virsues |
| all the steps of gluclose catabolism occur thanks to the presence of | enzymes |
| in order to prevent gluclose from escaping from the cells its converted to | g6p |
| oxidation of lipids to generate energy is ex? | catabolism |
| glucose splits in to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid | glycolysis |
| during glucose catabolism most energy is stored as heat | true |
| organ cant process anerobic fermentation | brain |
| coenzymes that are reduced in citric acid cycle | electron transport chain |
| final step of aerobic respiration,oxygen is reduced to ? | water |
| any chemical reaction, molecules lose electrons and energy is released | oxidation |
| all sugars consumed with food | glucose |
| function of glucose oxidation is? | prod of atp |
| starting reactant of glycolysis | glucose |
| #atp molecules produced by complete oxidation of glucose | 38 |
| synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates | gluconeogenesis |
| substance needed for mitochondria to make atp | oxygen |
| oxidized molecules have more potential energy than reduced | false |
| determines the fate of of pyruvic acid | availability of oxygen |
| acetyl-coa is oxidized to form atp,co2,and reduced coenzymes | citric acid cycle |
| fad plus h2 =fadh2 is ex of? | reduction |
| oxidation of pyruvic acid to water and co2 in mitochondria | aerobic respiration |
| direct driving force of atp synthesis | protons rushing back in the space btw membranes |
| role of glycogen synthesis | storage of glucose |
| organ imp for metabolism | liver |
| final acceptor of electrons from elec trans chain | oxygen |
| organ is a structure with discrete boundaries that are composed of one specific tissue type | false |
| not a primary type of tissue | adipose |
| doesnt belong to primary germ layer | pachyderm |
| less space than extracellular materal and not in direct contact with eachother | connective |
| main components of the basement membrane that connects et and ct> | collagen |
| apical surface faces the basement membrane | false |
| flat sheets,upper surface of body exposed to environment, and no blood vessels | epithelial |
| secrete heparin to inhibit clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels | mast cells |
| nervous and mucle tissue different from other tissues because? | high degree of excitability |
| communication by electrical and chemical signal _tissue? | nervous |
| normal death of tissue after completeing function | apoptosis |
| sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off | infarction |
| tissue growth through cell multiplication | hyperplasia |
| unspecialized tissues of embryo become specialized mature types of tissue | diffferentiation |
| cells are short contain one nucleus,straited and involuntary | cardiac |
| forms layers of digestive tract,respiratory and urinary | smooth muscle |
| main component of tendons and ligaments | collagenous fibers |
| nerves respond to outside stimuli by | transmision of signals to other cells |
| tissue is a group of diff cells and cell products that arise from diff regions of embryo and perform diff but complementary functions | false |
| undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function but have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature cells are ? | stem cells |
| regeneration doesnt restore noraml function | false |
| premature pathological death of tissue due to trauma | necrosis |
| ground substance of ct that is gelatinous due to | polysacchrides |
| not a type of ct | keratinized |
| housekeepers of ns | neuroglia |
| glands which have no ducts and secrete hormones | endocrine |
| glands prod watery secretions sweat etc | serous |
| development of tumor with ab nonfunctional tissue | neoplasia |
| stem cells that have greater developm plasticity | embryonic |
| muscle tissue voluntary | skeletal |
| binds organs | fibrous |
| internal memb that covers organs and lines walls of body cavaities | serous |
| part of neuron sends signals to other cells | axon |
| secretes substances for use in body | gland |
| ground substance of blood | plasma |
| involved in blood clotting | platelets |
| lines passages that are open to the ext.environment | mucosa |
| microscopic anatomy | histology |
| specialize in phagoctyosis | macrophages |
| doesnt belong to integumentary system | endocrine glands |
| not a part of the skin | hypodermis |
| cyanosis caused by | deficiency of oxygen in blood |
| skin contributes to thermoregulation by | constricting and dilation of b vessels |
| epidermis belongs to _tissue? | epithelial |
| defend against toxins ,microbes, and pathogens | dendritic |
| skin cancer most deadly | malignant melanoma |
| melanin accumulates in what cells | kerantinocytes |
| uv rays doesnt help the body | false |
| synthesis of _ is in the skin | d |
| dead cells at the surface are packed with | keratin |
| burn damages epidermis and part of dermis | second degree |
| sweat glands,blood vessels are in what layer | dermis |
| not one cause of death due to burns | loss of protein |
| epidermal water barrierr does? | prevents dehydration |
| factor influences amount of melanin in skin | exposure to uv rays |
| epidermis is supplied with blood vessels | false |
| resistance of the skin to trauma and infection is due to | keratin |
Created by:
amadash
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