Circulatory Disturbances
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| what is edema | excess accumulation of fluid in the extra-vascular compartment of the body
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| what are four mechanisms of Edema | 1) increased hydrostatic pressure 2) decreased oncotic pressure 3)Sodium retention by kidneys 4) Lymphatic obstruction
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| what is congestive heart failure | a complex pathophysiologic syndrome which results when the heart is unable to pump an adequate volume of blood
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| what is responsible for the signs and symptoms of acute congestive heart failure | pulmonary congestion and edema
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| what is the most common cause of Left sided heart failure | myocardial ischemia
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| what is the most common cause of right sided heart failure | left-sided failure
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| what is cor pulmonale | right sided heart failure that results from pulmonary disease
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| what are some manifestations of right sided heart failure | congestion of liver, spleen, peripheral edema, ascites, and pleural effusions
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| what is brown induration | when you have chronic passive congestion of lungs there is leakage of blood from congested capillaries over time resulting in accumulation of hemosiderin in alveolar macrophages and thickening of the alveolar walls
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| what happens when you have chronic passive congestion of liver | you get centrolobular atrophy of liver cords and fatty change giving the gross appearance of "nutmeg liver"
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| what is a thrombosis | coagulation of blood within a vessel of a living individual
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| what are the three pathogenetic factors resulting in thrombosis | endothelial damage, Changes in flow, hypercoagulability of blood
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| what puts you at risk for a venous thrombosis | stasis, hypercoagulability (pregnancy, OCP)
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| what is the most important complication of venous thrombosis | embolization to the pulmonary artery
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| Atrial thrombi are often due to? | atrial fibrillation
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| Ventricular thrombi are often due to? | myocardial infarcts or cardiomyopathy
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| what is the most important complication of cardiac thrombi | embolization to peripheral arteries causing infarcts of brain, kidney, bowel and gangrene of the extremities
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| what are the five possible fates of thrombi | Lyse, Propagate, Organize, Canalize, Embolize
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| what is an embolism | pasage of any material (usually thrombus) from one point to another within either the arterial or venous systems
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| Pulmonary Emboli are are almost always from ? | deep vein of the calf
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| what percent of pulmonary emboli produce infarcts | 15-20%
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| where do you see anemic or pale infarcts | heart, kidney, brain, spleen
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| where do you see hemorrhagic or red infarct | lung and intestine
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| Anaphylaxic shock is due to? | Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
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