Body Functions Chapter 16 Page 397
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| The gastrointestinal system (GI) is AKA | the digestive system.
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| The gastrointestinal (GI) system prepares food for use by cells through five basic activities: | 1. Ingestion
2. Peristalsis.
3. Digestion.
4. Absorption.
5. Defecation.
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| Ingestion involves | taking food into the oral cavity.
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| In the first two decades of life the average person will ingest | 9000 tons of food.
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| Peristalsis is the | wave like action of the gastrointestinal (GI) system that pushes the food along digestive tract.
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| Borborygmos is the | gurgling sound made by the peristaltic movement AKA
bowel sounds (BS).
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| Digestion is the | breakdown of food by both chemical and mechanical processes.
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| Absorption is the | movement of digested food into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the body’s cells.
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| Defecation is the | elimination from the body those substances that are indigestible and can not be absorbed.
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| The journey of food through the gastrointestinal (GI) system takes an average of | 12 hours.
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| The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is AKA | alimentary canal.
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| The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a long continuous tube that runs from the | oral cavity to the anus.
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| The length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is approximately | 30 feet.
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| Digestion begins in the | oral cavity (mouth).
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| Mechanical digestion involves | mastication (chewing).
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| The tongue, labiae, and buccae keep the food | between the superior and inferior dentes (teeth).
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| Between ages 6 months to 2 years there are | 20 temporary or deciduous teeth.
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| By age 13 there are | 32 permanent teeth.
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| The 8 anterior (front) teeth are called | incisors
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| The next 4 teeth are called | canine or cuspids.
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| Canine (cuspids) are used to | tear food.
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| The next 8 teeth are called | premolars (bicuspids).
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| The next 12 teeth are called | molars (tricuspids).
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| The bicuspids and tricuspids are used to | grind food.
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| Each tooth is divided into 3 parts called: | 1. The crown.
2. The cervix (neck).
3. The root.
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| The crown is the portion above the | gingivae (gums).
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| The crown is covered by the hardest substance in the body called | enamel.
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| The cervix (neck) of the tooth is the | connection between the crown and root.
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| The root is | embedded into the sockets located in the maxilla (superior jaw) and mandible (inferior jaw).
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| Chemical digestion occurs in the oral cavity because of the presence of | saliva.
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| Saliva contains an antibacterial enzyme called | lysozyme.
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| An average production of saliva is | ½ gallon/day.
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| Saliva is primarily produced in 3 glands called the: | 1. Parotid glands.
2. Submandibular glands.
3. Sublingual glands.
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| The hard palate forms the | anterior part of the roof of the oral cavity (mouth).
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| The soft palate forms the | posterior portion of the roof of the oral cavity (mouth).
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| Hanging from the posterior border of the soft palate is a cone shaped muscular structure called the | uvula.
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| The uvula prevents food from entering the | nasal cavity.
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| The tongue is a muscular structure and is covered on the superior surface with projections called | papillae.
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| The tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by the | lingual frenulum.
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| The anterior (front) two thirds of the tongue is covered with | taste buds.
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| The four tastes are | sweet, sour, salty, bitter.
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| There are _____ sensory receptors on the tongue. | 9000
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| The pharynx is the | throat.
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| The pharynx begins the process of | swallowing (deglutition).
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| The esophagus is the | 10 inch tube between the laryngopharynx and the stomach.
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| The proximal esophagus passes through the | mediastinum
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| The mediastinum is the | space between the lungs.
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| The distal esophagus pierces the diaphragm through the | esophageal hiatus.
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| The sphincter that connects the esophagus to the stomach is called the | cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter).
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| The stomach is located in the | left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen.
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| The stomach is a bag of muscles designed to | churn, squash, and squeeze food into a liquid.
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| The liquid food is called | chyme.
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| Chemical digestion occurs in the stomach due to: | 1. HCl.
2. Pepsin.
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| HCl stands for | hydrochloric acid
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| Pepsin begins the digestion of | protein.
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| The stomach is protected from being dissolved by these enzymes due to a | mucus layer.
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| In 2 to 6 hours the stomach empties all its contents into the duodenum through the | pyloric sphincter.
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| The duodenum is the | first section of the small intestine (bowel).
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| The second section of the small intestine (bowel) is the | jejunum.
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| The third section of the small intestine (bowel) is the | ileum.
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| 80% of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the | small bowel (duodenum).
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| These nutrients include: | 1. Simple sugars (glucose).
2. Amino acids (protein).
3. Fatty acids.
4. Water.
5. Vitamins.
6. Minerals.
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| The ileum empties into the large intestine (bowel) through the | ileocecal valve (sphincter).
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| The first section of the large intestine (bowel, colon) is called the | cecum
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| A finger-like projection off of the cecum is called the | (vermiform) appendix.
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| The appendix is located in the | right lower quadrant (RLQ) of the abdomen.
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| More specifically the appendix is located in the | right inguinal (iliac) region of the abdomen.
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| The second section of the large intestine (bowel, colon) is called the | ascending colon.
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| The ascending colon turns left at the | hepatic flexure.
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| The third section of the large intestine (bowel, colon) is called the | transverse colon.
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| The transverse colon curves beneath the lower end of the spleen at the | splenic flexure.
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| The fourth section of the large intestine (bowel, colon) is called the | descending colon.
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| The fifth section of the large intestine (bowel, colon) is called the | sigmoid colon.
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| The sixth section of the large intestine (bowel, colon) is called the | rectum.
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| Stool (feces) leaves the body through the | anus.
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| The act of emptying the rectum is called | defecation (defecate) or
bowel movement (BM).
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| The most important function of the large intestine (bowel, colon) is to | absorb water.
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| Stool (feces) should be a | semisolid
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| Normal stool (feces) should be | brown and formed (Baby Ruth Bar).
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| The pancreas is located | posterior to the stomach (retrogastric).
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| The pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum that will | aid in chemical digestion and neutralize hydrochloric acid (HCl).
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| Pancreatic enzymes include: | 1. Amylase.
2. Trypsin.
3. Chymotripsin.
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| These enzymes are carried from the pancreas to the duodenum through the | pancreatic duct.
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| The pancreas also secretes the hormones | insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.
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| Insulin will allow | glucose to enter the cells.
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| Glucagon stimulates the liver to | release stored sugar (glycogen) into glucose.
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| Insulin and glucagon regulate and control | blood sugar (BS) levels.
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| Pancreatitis can be diagnosed by detecting high levels of | serum amylase.
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| The liver is located in the | right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen.
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| The functions of the liver include:1 | 1. Production of heparin, prothrombin, and thrombin which are involved in the coagulation (clotting) mechanism.
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| The functions of the liver include:2 | 2. Production of Kupffer’s cells which destroy old erythrocytes (bilirubin) and leukocytes (WBCs).
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| The functions of the liver include:3 | 3. Detoxifies poisons (toxins) such as ammonia, alcohol (ETOH), and medications.
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| The functions of the liver include:4 | 4. Stores excess glucose as glycogen.
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| The functions of the liver include:5 | 5. Stores copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, + K.
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| The functions of the liver include:6 | 6. Produces bile.
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| Bile is stored and concentrated in the | gall bladder.
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| The function of bile is to | emulsify (break up) fats.
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| The gall bladder is located | just inferior to the liver.
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| Bile is carried from the gall bladder to the duodenum via the | common bile duct.
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| LFTs stands for | liver function tests.
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| LFTs are used to detect | hepatic (liver) diseases.
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| LFTs include:1-4 | 1. Alkaline Phosphatase abbreviated
ALP or Alk. Phos.
2. ALT AKA
SGPT.
3. AST AKA
SGOT.
4. LD AKA
LDH.
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| LFTs include:5-9 | 5. Ammonia.
6. Albumin (Alb).
7. Bilirubin (bili) or neonatal bilirubin.
8. Hepatitis A virus (HAV).
9. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
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| LFTs include:10-12 | 10. Hepatitis B surface antibody (Anti-HBs).
11. Hepatitis C virus (HCV).
12. A hepatic function panel (profile) consists of:
a. Albumin (Alb).
b. Bilirubin (bili).
c. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP).
d. AST (SGOT).
e. ALT (SGPT).
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| HBsAg is a test to detect the | Hepatitis B virus (HBV).
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| Other tests of the GI system include:1-3 | 1. UGI (upper gastrointestinal) AKA
barium swallow.
2. Lower gastrointestinal (GI) AKA
barium enema (BaE, BE).
3. EGD which stands for
esophagogastroduodenoscopy.
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| Other tests of the GI system include:4-6 | 4. GB (gall bladder) series or GB ultrasound.
5. Colonoscopy refers to the
process of viewing the colon (large intestine, bowel).
6. Sigmoidoscopy refers to the
process of viewing the sigmoid colon.
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| An UGI and lower GI are referred to as a | GI Series.
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