A&P Final, CCC PN105
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| What is anatomy? | To cut up
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| What is physiology? | The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.
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| What is anatomical position? | Erect standing posture with arms at sides and head/feet/palms turned forward.
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| What are the levels of organization? | Chemical, Cellular, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Body
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| What are the directional terms? | Superior/Inferior, Anterior/Posterior, Medial/Lateral, Proximal/Distal, Right/Left, Superficial/Deep
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| What are the anatomical planes? | Sagittal (cut front to back), Frontal (cut side to side), Transverse (cut at waist)
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| What are the 2 main body cavities? | ventral and dorsal
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| What makes the dorsal cavity? | cranial and spinal cavities
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| What makes the ventral cavity? | thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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| What makes the thoracic cavity? | mediastinum and pleural cavities
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| What levels of pH are acidic? | below 7.0
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| What levels of pH are basic? | above 7.0
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| What is arterial pH? | 7.45
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| What is venous pH? | 7.35
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| What are the 4 types of tissues? | epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
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| What is epithelial tissue? | Covers the body, does not contain blood vessels
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| What are the types of epithelial tissue? | Simple squamous, stratified squamous, simple columnar, stratified transitional, pseudostratified, and simple cuboidal
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| What is connective tissue? | Most abundant and widely distributed; includes skin, membranes, muscles, bones, nerves, and all organs
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| What are the types of connective tissue? | Areolar, adipose (fat), fibrous, bone, cartilage, blood, hematopoietic
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| What is muscle tissue? | The movement specialist; has ability to shorten/contract
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| What are the types of muscle tissue? | Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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| What is nervous tissue? | Provides rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions.
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| What are the types of nervous tissue? | Neurons and glia
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| What are the organ systems? | Circulatory, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, digestive, muscular, reproductive, nervous, integumentary, lymphatic, skeletal
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| What is the function of the integumentary system? | protection, temperature regulation, chemical synthesis of vitamin D
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| What are the organs of the integumentary system? | Skin and accessory organs
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| What is the function of the skeletal system? | Provides framework of the body, support, and protection
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| What are the organs of the skeletal system? | Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
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| What is the function of the muscular system? | Movement and heat production
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| What are the organs of the muscular system? | Muscles and tendons
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| What is the function of the nervous system? | Perform primary body functions
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| What are the organs of the nervous system? | Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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| What is the function of the endocrine system? | Similar to nervous system but slower moving; Secretes hormones, regulate metabolism, control growth, maintain fluid/electrolyte balance, maintain acid/base balance, reproduction
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| What are the organs of the endocrine system? | Ductless glands. (All of the endocrine organs are glands, but not all glands are part of the endocrine system.)
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| What is the function of the circulatory system? | Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nurtients, and hormones throughout the body
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| What are the organs of the circulatory system? | Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
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| What is the function of the lymphatic system? | Fluid movement and immunse system
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| What are the organs of the lymphatic system? | Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, tonsils, thymus, spleen
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| What is the function of the respiratory system? | Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
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| What are the organs of the respiratory system? | Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
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| What is the function of the digestive system? | Food breakdown and digestion; elimiate waste from body
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| What are the organs of the digestive system? | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large instestine, rectum, anus, teeth, salivary glands, tongue, liver, glassbladder, pancreas, appendix
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| What is the function of the urinary system? | Cleans blood of waste; removes waste from body
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| What are the organs of the urinary system? | Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
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| What is the function of the reproductive system? | Reproduction
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| What are the male reproductive organs? | Testes (gonads), vas deferens, prostate, penis, scrotum, urethra
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| What are the female reproductive organs? | Ovaries (gonads), uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, vulva, mammary glands
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| What is the largest structural unit of the body? | Organ system
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| What is the smallest structural unit of the body? | Atom or molecule
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| What is the heaviest organ of the body (16% of body weight? | The skin
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| What is a mucous membrane? | Epithelial cells that line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior and secrete and thick, slippery material
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| Where are mucous membranes found on the body? | Nasal cavity, mouth, vagina, penis, anus
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| What are bursae? | Small, cushion-like sacs found alongside joints, cushioning the moving bones
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| What is the main function of a membrane? | A thin layer or sheet that protects the body, lines cavities, covers inner surfaces of hollow organs, anchors organs to bones, and lubrication
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| What causes burns? | Fire, UV light, electric current, and chemicals
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| What is a thrombus? | Stationary blood clot
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| What are the blood types? | A+/-, B+/-, O+/-, AB+/-
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| What is the univeral blood donor? | O-
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| What is the universal blood recipient? | AB+
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| What are erythrocytes? | Red blood cells
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| What are leukocytes? | White blood cells
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| Which side of the heart deals with oxygen-rich blood (leaving the heart)? | Right side
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| Which side of the heart deals with oxygen-poor blood (returning to the heart)? | Left side
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| What is the SA node (sinoatrial node)? | The pacemaker; where impulse conduction of the heart begins; located on the wall of the right atrium near the superior vena cava
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| What is an artery? | Carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
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| What is a vein? | Carries oxygen-poor blood to the heart
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| What organs are in the upper respiratory tract? | Nose, pharynx, larynx
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| What organs are in the lower respiratory tract? | Trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
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| What is the diaphragm? | Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities; changes size and shape of chest during breathing
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| What are the 3 types of food processing? | Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism
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| What is digestion? | Process that breaks down complex nutrients into simpler ones
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| What is absorption? | Movement of nutrients through the GI mucosa
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| What is metabolism? | Process of uwing food as an energy source and building blocks
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| What is the pharynx? | Throat; part of the respiratory and digestive systems
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| Where are the kidneys? | Located under the muscles of the back and behind the parietal peritoneum of either side of the spinal column
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| What protects the kidneys? | Lower rib cage
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| Which kidney is lower? | Right
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| What is the urethra? | Lowest part of the urinary tract; how urine leaves the body; part of the male reproductive system, removing semen from the body
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| What is voiding/micturition? | Urination, the passage of urine from the body
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| What are cilia? | Hair-like projections of cells
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| What are the 3 main parts of a cell? | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
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