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AP Final CCC
A&P Final, CCC PN105
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is anatomy? | To cut up |
| What is physiology? | The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts. |
| What is anatomical position? | Erect standing posture with arms at sides and head/feet/palms turned forward. |
| What are the levels of organization? | Chemical, Cellular, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Body |
| What are the directional terms? | Superior/Inferior, Anterior/Posterior, Medial/Lateral, Proximal/Distal, Right/Left, Superficial/Deep |
| What are the anatomical planes? | Sagittal (cut front to back), Frontal (cut side to side), Transverse (cut at waist) |
| What are the 2 main body cavities? | ventral and dorsal |
| What makes the dorsal cavity? | cranial and spinal cavities |
| What makes the ventral cavity? | thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| What makes the thoracic cavity? | mediastinum and pleural cavities |
| What levels of pH are acidic? | below 7.0 |
| What levels of pH are basic? | above 7.0 |
| What is arterial pH? | 7.45 |
| What is venous pH? | 7.35 |
| What are the 4 types of tissues? | epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle |
| What is epithelial tissue? | Covers the body, does not contain blood vessels |
| What are the types of epithelial tissue? | Simple squamous, stratified squamous, simple columnar, stratified transitional, pseudostratified, and simple cuboidal |
| What is connective tissue? | Most abundant and widely distributed; includes skin, membranes, muscles, bones, nerves, and all organs |
| What are the types of connective tissue? | Areolar, adipose (fat), fibrous, bone, cartilage, blood, hematopoietic |
| What is muscle tissue? | The movement specialist; has ability to shorten/contract |
| What are the types of muscle tissue? | Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| What is nervous tissue? | Provides rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions. |
| What are the types of nervous tissue? | Neurons and glia |
| What are the organ systems? | Circulatory, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, digestive, muscular, reproductive, nervous, integumentary, lymphatic, skeletal |
| What is the function of the integumentary system? | protection, temperature regulation, chemical synthesis of vitamin D |
| What are the organs of the integumentary system? | Skin and accessory organs |
| What is the function of the skeletal system? | Provides framework of the body, support, and protection |
| What are the organs of the skeletal system? | Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. |
| What is the function of the muscular system? | Movement and heat production |
| What are the organs of the muscular system? | Muscles and tendons |
| What is the function of the nervous system? | Perform primary body functions |
| What are the organs of the nervous system? | Brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| What is the function of the endocrine system? | Similar to nervous system but slower moving; Secretes hormones, regulate metabolism, control growth, maintain fluid/electrolyte balance, maintain acid/base balance, reproduction |
| What are the organs of the endocrine system? | Ductless glands. (All of the endocrine organs are glands, but not all glands are part of the endocrine system.) |
| What is the function of the circulatory system? | Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nurtients, and hormones throughout the body |
| What are the organs of the circulatory system? | Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries |
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? | Fluid movement and immunse system |
| What are the organs of the lymphatic system? | Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, tonsils, thymus, spleen |
| What is the function of the respiratory system? | Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange |
| What are the organs of the respiratory system? | Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs |
| What is the function of the digestive system? | Food breakdown and digestion; elimiate waste from body |
| What are the organs of the digestive system? | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large instestine, rectum, anus, teeth, salivary glands, tongue, liver, glassbladder, pancreas, appendix |
| What is the function of the urinary system? | Cleans blood of waste; removes waste from body |
| What are the organs of the urinary system? | Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
| What is the function of the reproductive system? | Reproduction |
| What are the male reproductive organs? | Testes (gonads), vas deferens, prostate, penis, scrotum, urethra |
| What are the female reproductive organs? | Ovaries (gonads), uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, vulva, mammary glands |
| What is the largest structural unit of the body? | Organ system |
| What is the smallest structural unit of the body? | Atom or molecule |
| What is the heaviest organ of the body (16% of body weight? | The skin |
| What is a mucous membrane? | Epithelial cells that line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior and secrete and thick, slippery material |
| Where are mucous membranes found on the body? | Nasal cavity, mouth, vagina, penis, anus |
| What are bursae? | Small, cushion-like sacs found alongside joints, cushioning the moving bones |
| What is the main function of a membrane? | A thin layer or sheet that protects the body, lines cavities, covers inner surfaces of hollow organs, anchors organs to bones, and lubrication |
| What causes burns? | Fire, UV light, electric current, and chemicals |
| What is a thrombus? | Stationary blood clot |
| What are the blood types? | A+/-, B+/-, O+/-, AB+/- |
| What is the univeral blood donor? | O- |
| What is the universal blood recipient? | AB+ |
| What are erythrocytes? | Red blood cells |
| What are leukocytes? | White blood cells |
| Which side of the heart deals with oxygen-rich blood (leaving the heart)? | Right side |
| Which side of the heart deals with oxygen-poor blood (returning to the heart)? | Left side |
| What is the SA node (sinoatrial node)? | The pacemaker; where impulse conduction of the heart begins; located on the wall of the right atrium near the superior vena cava |
| What is an artery? | Carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart |
| What is a vein? | Carries oxygen-poor blood to the heart |
| What organs are in the upper respiratory tract? | Nose, pharynx, larynx |
| What organs are in the lower respiratory tract? | Trachea, bronchial tree, lungs |
| What is the diaphragm? | Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities; changes size and shape of chest during breathing |
| What are the 3 types of food processing? | Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism |
| What is digestion? | Process that breaks down complex nutrients into simpler ones |
| What is absorption? | Movement of nutrients through the GI mucosa |
| What is metabolism? | Process of uwing food as an energy source and building blocks |
| What is the pharynx? | Throat; part of the respiratory and digestive systems |
| Where are the kidneys? | Located under the muscles of the back and behind the parietal peritoneum of either side of the spinal column |
| What protects the kidneys? | Lower rib cage |
| Which kidney is lower? | Right |
| What is the urethra? | Lowest part of the urinary tract; how urine leaves the body; part of the male reproductive system, removing semen from the body |
| What is voiding/micturition? | Urination, the passage of urine from the body |
| What are cilia? | Hair-like projections of cells |
| What are the 3 main parts of a cell? | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
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