Chapter 6: Bones
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| bones of the skeleton have 2 main groups | axial and appendicular
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| axial skeleton | skull, spine and ribcage
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| appendicular skeleton | arms and legs
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| 4 bone shapes | long, short, flat and irregular
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| long bones | longer than they are wide (humerus)
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| short bones | cube shaped (ankle and wrist) and sesamoid bones within tendons (patella)
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| flat bones | thin, flat and slightly rounded (skull)
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| irregular bones | complicated shapes (vertebrae)
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| bone markings | structural features that play a role in bone function: projections, depression and openings
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| projections for muscle and ligament attachment | tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process
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| tuberosity | rounded projection
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| crest | narrow, prominent ridge
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| trochanter | large, blunt, irregular surface (head of femur)
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| line | narrow ridge of bone
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| tubercle | small, rounded projection
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| epicondyle | raised area above a condyle
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| spine | sharp, slender projection
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| process | any bony prominence
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| 4 projections that help form joints | head, facet, condyle, and ramus
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| head | bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
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| facet | smooth, nearly flat articular surface
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| condyle | rounded articular projection
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| ramus | arm-like bar
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| depressions and openings | meatus, sinus, fossa, groove, fissure, and foramen
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| meatus | canal-like passageway
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| sinus | cavity within a bone
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| fossa | shallow, basin-like depression
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| groove | furrow
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| fissure | narrow, slit-like opening
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| poramen | round or oval opening through a bone
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| bone structure | bones have layers that differ for long, short, flat and irregular bones
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| bone textures | compact and spongy
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| compact bone | dense outer layer
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| spongy bone | honeycomb of trabeculae
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| structure of long bone | diaphysis, epiphyses, periosteum, endosteum
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| diaphysis | shaft of long bone; compact bone collar that surrounds medullary cavity; contains yellow marrow
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| epiphyses | expanded ends with a spongy bone interior, epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate, articular (hyaline)cartilage on joint surfaces
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| 2 membranes of long bone | periosteum and endosteum
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| periosteum | outer fibrous layer, inner osteogenic layer; nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramen
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| osteogenic layer of periosteum | osteoblasts, osteoclast and osteogenic cells
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| endosteum | delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone; osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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| structure of short, flat and irregular bones | periosteum covers compact bone on outside; endosteum covers spongy bone within, spongy bone in flat bones = diploe, bone marrow between trabeculae
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| diploe | spongy bone in flat bones
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| location of hemopoietic tissue (red bone marrow) | cavities of adults; trabecular cavities of the heads of femur and humurus; trabecular cavities of diploe (spongy bone in flat bones)
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| cells of bone | osteoblasts, osetoclasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells
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| osteoblasts | bone forming cells
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| osteoclasts | cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix
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| osteocytes | mature bone cells
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| osteogenic cells | stem cells
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| microscopic anatomy of bone | haversian system/osteon: structural unit
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| lamella | compact bone; concentric, column-like matrix tubes
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| central (haversian) canal | contains blood vessels and nerves
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| perforating (Volkmanns) canals | connect central and peripheral canals
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| lacunae | small cavities that contain osteocytes
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| canaliculi | hairlike canals that connect lacunae
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| bone development | osteogenesis/ossification
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| osteogenesis/ossification | bone tissue formation; 3 stages: bone formation, postnatal bone growth, bone remodeling and repair
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| bone formation | begins in second month of growth
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| postnatal bone growth | until early adulthood
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| bone remodeling and repair | lifelong
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| endochondral ossification | cartilage (endocondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; forms most of skeleton (except flat bones); uses hyaline cartilage models; requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage before ossification
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| postnatal bone growth | interstitial and appositional
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| interstitial growth | postnatal; increases length of bones
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| appositional growth | postnatal; increases thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces
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| interstitial growth of long bones | epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into 4 functional zones: proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification
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| proliferation zone | cartilage cells undergo mitosis
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| hypertrophic zone | older cartilage cells enlarge
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| calcification zone | matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, matrix begins deteriorating
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| ossification zone | new bone formation occurs
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| classification of bone fractures | position of bone ends, completeness of break, orientation of break along axis, penetration through skin
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| position of bone ends after fracture | nondisplaced: ends retain normal position
displaced: ends out of alignment
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| completeness of break | complete: broken all the way through
incomplete: not broken all the way through
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| orientation of break to the long axis of bone | linear: parallel to long axis
transverse: perpendicular to long axis
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| whether or not bone ends penetrate skin | compound (open): ends penetrate
simple (closed): ends do not penetrate
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