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Chapter 6: Bones
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bones of the skeleton have 2 main groups | axial and appendicular |
| axial skeleton | skull, spine and ribcage |
| appendicular skeleton | arms and legs |
| 4 bone shapes | long, short, flat and irregular |
| long bones | longer than they are wide (humerus) |
| short bones | cube shaped (ankle and wrist) and sesamoid bones within tendons (patella) |
| flat bones | thin, flat and slightly rounded (skull) |
| irregular bones | complicated shapes (vertebrae) |
| bone markings | structural features that play a role in bone function: projections, depression and openings |
| projections for muscle and ligament attachment | tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process |
| tuberosity | rounded projection |
| crest | narrow, prominent ridge |
| trochanter | large, blunt, irregular surface (head of femur) |
| line | narrow ridge of bone |
| tubercle | small, rounded projection |
| epicondyle | raised area above a condyle |
| spine | sharp, slender projection |
| process | any bony prominence |
| 4 projections that help form joints | head, facet, condyle, and ramus |
| head | bony expansion carried on a narrow neck |
| facet | smooth, nearly flat articular surface |
| condyle | rounded articular projection |
| ramus | arm-like bar |
| depressions and openings | meatus, sinus, fossa, groove, fissure, and foramen |
| meatus | canal-like passageway |
| sinus | cavity within a bone |
| fossa | shallow, basin-like depression |
| groove | furrow |
| fissure | narrow, slit-like opening |
| poramen | round or oval opening through a bone |
| bone structure | bones have layers that differ for long, short, flat and irregular bones |
| bone textures | compact and spongy |
| compact bone | dense outer layer |
| spongy bone | honeycomb of trabeculae |
| structure of long bone | diaphysis, epiphyses, periosteum, endosteum |
| diaphysis | shaft of long bone; compact bone collar that surrounds medullary cavity; contains yellow marrow |
| epiphyses | expanded ends with a spongy bone interior, epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate, articular (hyaline)cartilage on joint surfaces |
| 2 membranes of long bone | periosteum and endosteum |
| periosteum | outer fibrous layer, inner osteogenic layer; nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramen |
| osteogenic layer of periosteum | osteoblasts, osteoclast and osteogenic cells |
| endosteum | delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone; osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| structure of short, flat and irregular bones | periosteum covers compact bone on outside; endosteum covers spongy bone within, spongy bone in flat bones = diploe, bone marrow between trabeculae |
| diploe | spongy bone in flat bones |
| location of hemopoietic tissue (red bone marrow) | cavities of adults; trabecular cavities of the heads of femur and humurus; trabecular cavities of diploe (spongy bone in flat bones) |
| cells of bone | osteoblasts, osetoclasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells |
| osteoblasts | bone forming cells |
| osteoclasts | cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| osteogenic cells | stem cells |
| microscopic anatomy of bone | haversian system/osteon: structural unit |
| lamella | compact bone; concentric, column-like matrix tubes |
| central (haversian) canal | contains blood vessels and nerves |
| perforating (Volkmanns) canals | connect central and peripheral canals |
| lacunae | small cavities that contain osteocytes |
| canaliculi | hairlike canals that connect lacunae |
| bone development | osteogenesis/ossification |
| osteogenesis/ossification | bone tissue formation; 3 stages: bone formation, postnatal bone growth, bone remodeling and repair |
| bone formation | begins in second month of growth |
| postnatal bone growth | until early adulthood |
| bone remodeling and repair | lifelong |
| endochondral ossification | cartilage (endocondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; forms most of skeleton (except flat bones); uses hyaline cartilage models; requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage before ossification |
| postnatal bone growth | interstitial and appositional |
| interstitial growth | postnatal; increases length of bones |
| appositional growth | postnatal; increases thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces |
| interstitial growth of long bones | epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into 4 functional zones: proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification |
| proliferation zone | cartilage cells undergo mitosis |
| hypertrophic zone | older cartilage cells enlarge |
| calcification zone | matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, matrix begins deteriorating |
| ossification zone | new bone formation occurs |
| classification of bone fractures | position of bone ends, completeness of break, orientation of break along axis, penetration through skin |
| position of bone ends after fracture | nondisplaced: ends retain normal position displaced: ends out of alignment |
| completeness of break | complete: broken all the way through incomplete: not broken all the way through |
| orientation of break to the long axis of bone | linear: parallel to long axis transverse: perpendicular to long axis |
| whether or not bone ends penetrate skin | compound (open): ends penetrate simple (closed): ends do not penetrate |
Created by:
c8linpluemacher
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