BIO202 - Ch 25 - Urinary System - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
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| Kidneys lie __. | in retroperitoneal position - T12 - L3
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| The right kidney lies __. | slightly lower than left & is crowded by liver.
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| The ureter, blood vessels, lymphatics, & nerves join kidney where? | At hilum & occupy the sinus.
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| Renal ptosis | When kidneys fall to a lower position - ureters can become kinked.
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| hydronephrosis | Back up of urine from ureteral obstruction - can kill tissue in kidneys.
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| Medullary/renal pyramids | Striped w/parallel bundles of microscopic urine - collecting tubules & capillaries - Base & papilla
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| Renal columns separate? | Pyramids
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| Calyces | Cup shaped areas that enclose papillae of pyramids & collect urine which drains from papillae & empties into renal pelvis.
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| Urine is pumped/propelled by __. | peristalsis
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| Pyelitis | Infection of renal pelvis & calyces
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| pyelonephritis | Kidney infection that affects entire kidney.
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| Kidney cortex | Wraps around the medulla
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| Kidney medulla | Central region
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| Renal capsule | Tough coat of connective tissue that encloses whole kidney.
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| Nephrons | Functional heart of kidneys - filters water & solutes from blood
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| More than a __ nephrons are packed inside each kidney. | Million
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| Filtration starts at __ where the nephron wall balloons around a tiny cluster of blood capillaries called __. | renal corpuscle - glomerulus
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| The ballooned, cuplike region, the __ __ , receives water & solutes filtered from blood. | Bowman's (glomerular) capsule
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| Peritubular capillaries | Merge into venules which carry filtered blood out of the kidneys.
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| More than 90% of blood entering kidney perfuses __. | the renal cortex
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| The endothelium of glomerular capillaries is __. | fenestrated
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| podocytes | Branching epithelial cells that cling to glomerular capillaries & filtrate enters between their "foot" processes.
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| PCT | Proximal convoluted tubule - coiled tubule that includes the loop of Henle
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| DCT | Distal convoluted tubule
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| Intercalculated cells have __. | abundant microvilli w/brush border - cubodial
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| The 2 varients (A&B) of intercalated cells. | Play major role in acid-base balance of blood
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| Principal cells help maintain __. | body's water & Na+ balance
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| 85% of nephrons in kidneys are? | Cortical nephrons - located entirely in cortex
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| Nephrons in the cortex-medulla junction. | Juxtamedullary nephrons - concentrate urine - their loops of Henle invade the medulla deeply.
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| Each nephron is closely associated with __. | the glomerulus & peritubular capillaries.
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| The glomerulus is specialized for __. | filtration
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| How does glomerulus differ from all other capillary beds? | Fed by & drained by arteries - afferent & efferent.
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| Why is BP high in glomerulus? | High resistant arterioles & afferent bigger than efferent = increased pressure to filter.
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| The peritubular capillaries __ pressure. | Low - porous capillaries that absorb solutes & water from tubule cells.
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| Vasa recta | Capillary branches that supply loops of Henle in kidney medulla.
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| The glomerus produces __ & the peritubular capillaries __. | Filtrate - reclaims most of that filtrate
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| granular cells | JG cells - smooth muscle cells w/secretory granules containing renin - act as mechanoreceptors.
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| Macula densa | Chemoreceptors that respond to change in NaCl in filtrate.
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| Where is the filtration membrane? | Lies between blood & interior of glomerular capsule.
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| The fenestrations of filtration membrane allow passage of __. | all plasma components except blood cells
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| Glomerular mesangial cells | Engulf & degrade macromolecules that get hung up in filtration membrane - can contract & change surface area of capillaries.
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| How does filtrate & urine differ? | Filtrate contains everything in blood plasma except proteins, urine contains mostly metabolic wastes & unneeded substances.
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| 3 major kidney processes that adjust blood composition. | Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & tubular secretion.
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| Once urine has formed, it flows from kidney into a tubelike (1)__, then into a storage organ, the (2)__. It leaves teh bladder through the (3) __, a muscular tube that opens at the body surface. | (1) ureter, (2) urinary bladder, (3) urethra
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| Afferent arteriole | Delivers blood to each nephron - "carries toward"
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| Glomeruli | Capillaries inside a glomerular capsule & can verge to form an efferent arteriole.
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| Efferent arteriole | "Carries away from".
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| Kidneys can filter a large amount of blood quickly because (1) blood pressure in (1) __ is higher than in other capillaries & (2) glomerular capillaries are highly (2)__. | (1) glomerular capillaries, (2) highly permeable
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| Most sodium & water are reabsorbed in the __. | proximal tubule - the part of the nephron closest to the glomerulus - Na+ pumps transport Na+ ions from filtrate inside tube into tissue fluid outside.
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| Glomerular filtration | Passive process - hydrostatic pressure forces fluids & solutes through membrane - simple mechanical filters.
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| Why is glomerulus more efficient filter than other capillary beds? | Large surface area & BP is higher so higher net filtration pressure.
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| What passes freely into glomerular capsule. | Water, glucose, amino acids, & nitrogenous wastes.
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| The presence of proteins or blood in urine usually indicates? | A problem with filtration membrane
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| Intrinsic controls of glomerular filtration rate. | Myogenic & tubuloglomeral feedback
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| Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms | Directed by macula densa cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus - respond to salt concentration - increases filtration time & hinders blood flow to glomerus - or decrease filtration time & increases blood flow to glomerus.
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| How does Angiotensin II stabilize BP? | (1) Vasoconstrictor, (2) stimulates Na+ absorption, (3) stimulates hypothalamus to release ADH, (4) Increases fluid reabsorption, (5) and causes mesangial cells to contract & reduce GFR.
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| What triggers renin release? | BP drop, low salt concentration, sympathetic NS stimulation.
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| anuria | Abnormally low urinary output - less htan 50 ml/day.
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| 80% of energy used for active transport of __. | sodium ions
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| Na+ reabsorption by primary active transport provides the energy & means __. | for reabsorbing most other solutes
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| Reabsorption of water, ions, & nutrients does not require __. | ATP
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| Water is absorbed through aquaporins in the __. | proximal nephron - obligatory water reabsorption
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| Transport maximum | Substances are absorbed according to the type & quantity of carriers - when carriers saturated, no absorption occurs.
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| Creatine concentration measurements are good tests for __. | GFR & glomerular function.
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| Water can leave __ limb of Loop of Henle, but not __ limb. | descending - ascending
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| Solute can leave __ limb of loop of Henle, but not __ limb. | ascending - descending
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| Reabsorption of more water depends on __. | presence of ADH
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| Aldosterone acts to conserve __. | Na+
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| ANP __ blood Na+. | reduces
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| Urine contains both __ & __ substances. | filtered & secreted
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| Tubular secretion mechanism secretes __ to buffer acidic blood pH & retains more __. | H+, HCO3 (base)
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| Milliosmol (mOsm) | milliosmol - .001 osmol
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| Penal functions keep solute load of body fluids constant at about __. | 300 mOsm
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| countercurrent mechanism | Fluid in kidneys flow through adjacent tubules in opposite directions - maintains osmotic gradient
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| Loop of Henle adjacent to __. | calyyx which is connected to renal pelvis.
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| Loop functions as a __. | counter current multiplier - water leaves by osmosis through descending & is most concentrated in loop.
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| Where is the countercurrent exchanger? | The vasa recta
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| ADH stimulates excretion of __ urine. | highly concentrated
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| The vasa recta as countercurrent exchanger does? | Protects medullary gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt. Removes reabsorbed water.
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| When ADH not being released __. | collecting ducts remain inpremeable to water de to absence of aquaporins.
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| ADH inhibits __. | diuresis - urine output - filtrate is dilute & not excreted.
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| ADH release is keyed to __. | level of body hydration
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| Faculative water reabsorption | water reabsorption dependent on ADH presence.
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| Osmotic diuretic | A substance that is not reabsorbed & carries water out with it - DM & high glucose
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| Alcohol is diuretic because? | As a sedative, it inhibits ADH release.
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| Caffine is a diuretic because? | Inhibits sodium reabsorption
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| Lasix is a diuretic because? | Inhibit formation of medullary gradient by acting at ascending limb of Henle's loop.
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| __ is the standard used to determine GFR. | Inulin - comparison for how quickly & how much of a drug is absorbed.
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| osmoregulation | The events resulting in maintaining a fluid environment in balance.
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| The solute concentration is always highest in the very deepest parts of the __. | inner medulla
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| Most water is reabsorbed across the permeable walls of the __ & the decending limb of the __. | proximal tubule, loop of Henle
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| Sodium is pumped outward in the __. | ascending limb
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| Females have __ urethra's than men. | smaller
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| cystitis | bladder infection
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| pyelonephritis | kidney infection
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| The hormone __ helps adjust the rate at which water is reabsorbed. | ADH - antidiuretic hromone
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| A hormone called __ helps adjust the rate at which sodium is reabsorbed. | aldosterone
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| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | "Next to" glomerular - area where arterioles of the glomerulus come into contact with a nephron's distal tubule.
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| renin | Enzyme secreted by kidneys that triggers reaction that secretes aldosterone.
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| bicarbonate-carbon dioxide buffer system | Operates in lungs - CO2 provides teh carbon atom to make bicarbonate - this buffers H+.
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| 3 steps of how urine forms | (1) filtration, (2) reabsorption, (3) secretion
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| Kidney stones (renal calculi) | Deposits of uric acid, calcium salts, etc. & collected into the renal pelvis.
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| Color of urine due to __ & pH is usually __. | urochrome pigment (bilirubin or bile pigments) - slightly acidic (pH6)
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| Each ureter begins at level of __ as continuation of __. | L2 - renal pelvis
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| dysuria | painful urination
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| hypospadias | Urethral opening in wrong place on penis
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| nocturia | need to get up & urinate at night
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