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BIO202-CH25-Urinary
BIO202 - Ch 25 - Urinary System - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Kidneys lie __. | in retroperitoneal position - T12 - L3 |
| The right kidney lies __. | slightly lower than left & is crowded by liver. |
| The ureter, blood vessels, lymphatics, & nerves join kidney where? | At hilum & occupy the sinus. |
| Renal ptosis | When kidneys fall to a lower position - ureters can become kinked. |
| hydronephrosis | Back up of urine from ureteral obstruction - can kill tissue in kidneys. |
| Medullary/renal pyramids | Striped w/parallel bundles of microscopic urine - collecting tubules & capillaries - Base & papilla |
| Renal columns separate? | Pyramids |
| Calyces | Cup shaped areas that enclose papillae of pyramids & collect urine which drains from papillae & empties into renal pelvis. |
| Urine is pumped/propelled by __. | peristalsis |
| Pyelitis | Infection of renal pelvis & calyces |
| pyelonephritis | Kidney infection that affects entire kidney. |
| Kidney cortex | Wraps around the medulla |
| Kidney medulla | Central region |
| Renal capsule | Tough coat of connective tissue that encloses whole kidney. |
| Nephrons | Functional heart of kidneys - filters water & solutes from blood |
| More than a __ nephrons are packed inside each kidney. | Million |
| Filtration starts at __ where the nephron wall balloons around a tiny cluster of blood capillaries called __. | renal corpuscle - glomerulus |
| The ballooned, cuplike region, the __ __ , receives water & solutes filtered from blood. | Bowman's (glomerular) capsule |
| Peritubular capillaries | Merge into venules which carry filtered blood out of the kidneys. |
| More than 90% of blood entering kidney perfuses __. | the renal cortex |
| The endothelium of glomerular capillaries is __. | fenestrated |
| podocytes | Branching epithelial cells that cling to glomerular capillaries & filtrate enters between their "foot" processes. |
| PCT | Proximal convoluted tubule - coiled tubule that includes the loop of Henle |
| DCT | Distal convoluted tubule |
| Intercalculated cells have __. | abundant microvilli w/brush border - cubodial |
| The 2 varients (A&B) of intercalated cells. | Play major role in acid-base balance of blood |
| Principal cells help maintain __. | body's water & Na+ balance |
| 85% of nephrons in kidneys are? | Cortical nephrons - located entirely in cortex |
| Nephrons in the cortex-medulla junction. | Juxtamedullary nephrons - concentrate urine - their loops of Henle invade the medulla deeply. |
| Each nephron is closely associated with __. | the glomerulus & peritubular capillaries. |
| The glomerulus is specialized for __. | filtration |
| How does glomerulus differ from all other capillary beds? | Fed by & drained by arteries - afferent & efferent. |
| Why is BP high in glomerulus? | High resistant arterioles & afferent bigger than efferent = increased pressure to filter. |
| The peritubular capillaries __ pressure. | Low - porous capillaries that absorb solutes & water from tubule cells. |
| Vasa recta | Capillary branches that supply loops of Henle in kidney medulla. |
| The glomerus produces __ & the peritubular capillaries __. | Filtrate - reclaims most of that filtrate |
| granular cells | JG cells - smooth muscle cells w/secretory granules containing renin - act as mechanoreceptors. |
| Macula densa | Chemoreceptors that respond to change in NaCl in filtrate. |
| Where is the filtration membrane? | Lies between blood & interior of glomerular capsule. |
| The fenestrations of filtration membrane allow passage of __. | all plasma components except blood cells |
| Glomerular mesangial cells | Engulf & degrade macromolecules that get hung up in filtration membrane - can contract & change surface area of capillaries. |
| How does filtrate & urine differ? | Filtrate contains everything in blood plasma except proteins, urine contains mostly metabolic wastes & unneeded substances. |
| 3 major kidney processes that adjust blood composition. | Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & tubular secretion. |
| Once urine has formed, it flows from kidney into a tubelike (1)__, then into a storage organ, the (2)__. It leaves teh bladder through the (3) __, a muscular tube that opens at the body surface. | (1) ureter, (2) urinary bladder, (3) urethra |
| Afferent arteriole | Delivers blood to each nephron - "carries toward" |
| Glomeruli | Capillaries inside a glomerular capsule & can verge to form an efferent arteriole. |
| Efferent arteriole | "Carries away from". |
| Kidneys can filter a large amount of blood quickly because (1) blood pressure in (1) __ is higher than in other capillaries & (2) glomerular capillaries are highly (2)__. | (1) glomerular capillaries, (2) highly permeable |
| Most sodium & water are reabsorbed in the __. | proximal tubule - the part of the nephron closest to the glomerulus - Na+ pumps transport Na+ ions from filtrate inside tube into tissue fluid outside. |
| Glomerular filtration | Passive process - hydrostatic pressure forces fluids & solutes through membrane - simple mechanical filters. |
| Why is glomerulus more efficient filter than other capillary beds? | Large surface area & BP is higher so higher net filtration pressure. |
| What passes freely into glomerular capsule. | Water, glucose, amino acids, & nitrogenous wastes. |
| The presence of proteins or blood in urine usually indicates? | A problem with filtration membrane |
| Intrinsic controls of glomerular filtration rate. | Myogenic & tubuloglomeral feedback |
| Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms | Directed by macula densa cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus - respond to salt concentration - increases filtration time & hinders blood flow to glomerus - or decrease filtration time & increases blood flow to glomerus. |
| How does Angiotensin II stabilize BP? | (1) Vasoconstrictor, (2) stimulates Na+ absorption, (3) stimulates hypothalamus to release ADH, (4) Increases fluid reabsorption, (5) and causes mesangial cells to contract & reduce GFR. |
| What triggers renin release? | BP drop, low salt concentration, sympathetic NS stimulation. |
| anuria | Abnormally low urinary output - less htan 50 ml/day. |
| 80% of energy used for active transport of __. | sodium ions |
| Na+ reabsorption by primary active transport provides the energy & means __. | for reabsorbing most other solutes |
| Reabsorption of water, ions, & nutrients does not require __. | ATP |
| Water is absorbed through aquaporins in the __. | proximal nephron - obligatory water reabsorption |
| Transport maximum | Substances are absorbed according to the type & quantity of carriers - when carriers saturated, no absorption occurs. |
| Creatine concentration measurements are good tests for __. | GFR & glomerular function. |
| Water can leave __ limb of Loop of Henle, but not __ limb. | descending - ascending |
| Solute can leave __ limb of loop of Henle, but not __ limb. | ascending - descending |
| Reabsorption of more water depends on __. | presence of ADH |
| Aldosterone acts to conserve __. | Na+ |
| ANP __ blood Na+. | reduces |
| Urine contains both __ & __ substances. | filtered & secreted |
| Tubular secretion mechanism secretes __ to buffer acidic blood pH & retains more __. | H+, HCO3 (base) |
| Milliosmol (mOsm) | milliosmol - .001 osmol |
| Penal functions keep solute load of body fluids constant at about __. | 300 mOsm |
| countercurrent mechanism | Fluid in kidneys flow through adjacent tubules in opposite directions - maintains osmotic gradient |
| Loop of Henle adjacent to __. | calyyx which is connected to renal pelvis. |
| Loop functions as a __. | counter current multiplier - water leaves by osmosis through descending & is most concentrated in loop. |
| Where is the countercurrent exchanger? | The vasa recta |
| ADH stimulates excretion of __ urine. | highly concentrated |
| The vasa recta as countercurrent exchanger does? | Protects medullary gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt. Removes reabsorbed water. |
| When ADH not being released __. | collecting ducts remain inpremeable to water de to absence of aquaporins. |
| ADH inhibits __. | diuresis - urine output - filtrate is dilute & not excreted. |
| ADH release is keyed to __. | level of body hydration |
| Faculative water reabsorption | water reabsorption dependent on ADH presence. |
| Osmotic diuretic | A substance that is not reabsorbed & carries water out with it - DM & high glucose |
| Alcohol is diuretic because? | As a sedative, it inhibits ADH release. |
| Caffine is a diuretic because? | Inhibits sodium reabsorption |
| Lasix is a diuretic because? | Inhibit formation of medullary gradient by acting at ascending limb of Henle's loop. |
| __ is the standard used to determine GFR. | Inulin - comparison for how quickly & how much of a drug is absorbed. |
| osmoregulation | The events resulting in maintaining a fluid environment in balance. |
| The solute concentration is always highest in the very deepest parts of the __. | inner medulla |
| Most water is reabsorbed across the permeable walls of the __ & the decending limb of the __. | proximal tubule, loop of Henle |
| Sodium is pumped outward in the __. | ascending limb |
| Females have __ urethra's than men. | smaller |
| cystitis | bladder infection |
| pyelonephritis | kidney infection |
| The hormone __ helps adjust the rate at which water is reabsorbed. | ADH - antidiuretic hromone |
| A hormone called __ helps adjust the rate at which sodium is reabsorbed. | aldosterone |
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | "Next to" glomerular - area where arterioles of the glomerulus come into contact with a nephron's distal tubule. |
| renin | Enzyme secreted by kidneys that triggers reaction that secretes aldosterone. |
| bicarbonate-carbon dioxide buffer system | Operates in lungs - CO2 provides teh carbon atom to make bicarbonate - this buffers H+. |
| 3 steps of how urine forms | (1) filtration, (2) reabsorption, (3) secretion |
| Kidney stones (renal calculi) | Deposits of uric acid, calcium salts, etc. & collected into the renal pelvis. |
| Color of urine due to __ & pH is usually __. | urochrome pigment (bilirubin or bile pigments) - slightly acidic (pH6) |
| Each ureter begins at level of __ as continuation of __. | L2 - renal pelvis |
| dysuria | painful urination |
| hypospadias | Urethral opening in wrong place on penis |
| nocturia | need to get up & urinate at night |
Created by:
Ladystorm
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