Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
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| the study of structure | anatomy
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| subdivision of anatomy, hands on | gross/macroscopic anatomy
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| subdivision of anatomy, cell structure | microscopic anatomy
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| subdivision of anatomy, embryology | developmental anatomy
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| the study of function at many levels | physiology
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| subdivisions are based on each particular organ system | physiology
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| principle of complementarity | anatomy and physiology and inseparable
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| function always reflects ______ | structure
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| what a structure can do depends on its _____ | form
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| 6 levels of structural organization | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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| chemical | atoms and molecules
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| cellular | cells and their organelles
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| tissue | groups of similar cells
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| organ | 2 or more types of tissues
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| organ system | organs that work closely together
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| organism | all organ systems
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| external body covering (hair, skin, nails) | integumentary system
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| protects and supports organs, provides framework for muscles | skeletal system
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| maintains posture, produces heat, motion and facial expressions | muscular system
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| control system for the body, activates muscles and glands | nervous system
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| glands secrete hormones to regulate cell processes | endocrine system
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| transports blood carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, etc; heart pumps blood | cardiovascular system
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| houses white blood cells, attacks foreign substances | lymphatic system
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| supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide | respiratory system
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| breaks down food | digestive system
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| regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood, eliminates waste | urinary system
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| reproduction | male and female reproductive systems
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| anatomical position | body erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward
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| toward the head | superior, cranial
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| toward the lower body | inferior, caudal
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| toward the front of the body | ventral, anterior
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| toward the back of the body | dorsal, posterior
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| toward or at the midline | medial
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| away from midline | lateral
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| between a medial and lateral structure | intermediate
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| closer to the trunk of the body | proximal
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| away from the trunk of the body | distal
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| toward the body surface | superficial, external
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| away from body surface | deep, internal
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| axial body division | head, neck, trunk
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| appendicular body division | limbs
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| flat surface along which a body is cut for anatomical study | plane
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| divides body into right and left | sagittal plane
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| plane lies on midline | midsagittal plane, median
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| place not on midline | parasagittal plane
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| divides body into anterior and posterior parts | frontal plane
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| divides body into superior and inferior parts | transverse plane, horizontal
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| diagonal cut | oblique section
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| cavity that protects the nervous system | dorsal cavity
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| 2 parts of the dorsal cavity | cranial and vertebral/spinal cavities
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| cavity that encases brain | cranial cavity
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| cavity that encases spinal cord | vertebral/spinal cavity
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| cavity that houses internal organs | ventral cavity
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| internal organs | viscera
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| 2 parts of the ventral cavity | thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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| 2 pleural cavities | each house a lung
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| mediastinum | contains pericardial cavity, surrounds thoracic organs
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| pericardial cavity | encloses heart
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| cavity that contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver | abdominal cavity
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| cavity that contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum | pelvic cavity
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| thin, double-layered membrane separated by serious fluid | serosa membrane
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| parietal serosa | lines internal body walls
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| visceral serosa | covers internal organs
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| upper right and left regions | hypochondriac regions
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| lower right and left regions | iliac/inguinal regions
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| upper middle region | epigastric
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| center-most region | umbilical region
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| lower middle region | hypogastric/pubic region
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| forehead | frontal
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| eye socket | orbital
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| nose | nasal
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| mouth | oral
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| chin | mental
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| neck | cervial
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| shoulder | acromial
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| upper arm | brachial
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| forearm | antebrachial
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| armpit | axillary
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| middle of chest | sternal
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| breast | mammary
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| belly button | umbilical
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| inner elbow | antecubital
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| thumb | pollex
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| palm | palmar
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| fingers, toes | digital
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| hip | coxal
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| upper leg | femoral
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| knee | patellar
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| shin | crural
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| wrist | carpal
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| ankle | tarsal
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| top of foot | metatarsal
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| big toe | hallux
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| under umbilical | pelvic
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| under pelvic | inguinal
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| under inguinal | pubic
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| ear | otic
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| back of head | occipital
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| back, shoulder blades | scapular
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| elbow | olecranal
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| spine | vertebral
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| lower back | lumbar
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| lower middle back | sacral
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| butt | gluteal
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| below butt | perineal
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| back of hand | metacarpal
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| back of knee | popliteal
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| calf | sural
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| lower leg | fibular, peroneal
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| heel of foot | calcaneal
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| bottom of foot | plantar
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| hand | manus
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| cheek | buccal
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