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Anatomy
Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of structure | anatomy |
| subdivision of anatomy, hands on | gross/macroscopic anatomy |
| subdivision of anatomy, cell structure | microscopic anatomy |
| subdivision of anatomy, embryology | developmental anatomy |
| the study of function at many levels | physiology |
| subdivisions are based on each particular organ system | physiology |
| principle of complementarity | anatomy and physiology and inseparable |
| function always reflects ______ | structure |
| what a structure can do depends on its _____ | form |
| 6 levels of structural organization | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| chemical | atoms and molecules |
| cellular | cells and their organelles |
| tissue | groups of similar cells |
| organ | 2 or more types of tissues |
| organ system | organs that work closely together |
| organism | all organ systems |
| external body covering (hair, skin, nails) | integumentary system |
| protects and supports organs, provides framework for muscles | skeletal system |
| maintains posture, produces heat, motion and facial expressions | muscular system |
| control system for the body, activates muscles and glands | nervous system |
| glands secrete hormones to regulate cell processes | endocrine system |
| transports blood carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, etc; heart pumps blood | cardiovascular system |
| houses white blood cells, attacks foreign substances | lymphatic system |
| supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide | respiratory system |
| breaks down food | digestive system |
| regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood, eliminates waste | urinary system |
| reproduction | male and female reproductive systems |
| anatomical position | body erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward |
| toward the head | superior, cranial |
| toward the lower body | inferior, caudal |
| toward the front of the body | ventral, anterior |
| toward the back of the body | dorsal, posterior |
| toward or at the midline | medial |
| away from midline | lateral |
| between a medial and lateral structure | intermediate |
| closer to the trunk of the body | proximal |
| away from the trunk of the body | distal |
| toward the body surface | superficial, external |
| away from body surface | deep, internal |
| axial body division | head, neck, trunk |
| appendicular body division | limbs |
| flat surface along which a body is cut for anatomical study | plane |
| divides body into right and left | sagittal plane |
| plane lies on midline | midsagittal plane, median |
| place not on midline | parasagittal plane |
| divides body into anterior and posterior parts | frontal plane |
| divides body into superior and inferior parts | transverse plane, horizontal |
| diagonal cut | oblique section |
| cavity that protects the nervous system | dorsal cavity |
| 2 parts of the dorsal cavity | cranial and vertebral/spinal cavities |
| cavity that encases brain | cranial cavity |
| cavity that encases spinal cord | vertebral/spinal cavity |
| cavity that houses internal organs | ventral cavity |
| internal organs | viscera |
| 2 parts of the ventral cavity | thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| 2 pleural cavities | each house a lung |
| mediastinum | contains pericardial cavity, surrounds thoracic organs |
| pericardial cavity | encloses heart |
| cavity that contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver | abdominal cavity |
| cavity that contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum | pelvic cavity |
| thin, double-layered membrane separated by serious fluid | serosa membrane |
| parietal serosa | lines internal body walls |
| visceral serosa | covers internal organs |
| upper right and left regions | hypochondriac regions |
| lower right and left regions | iliac/inguinal regions |
| upper middle region | epigastric |
| center-most region | umbilical region |
| lower middle region | hypogastric/pubic region |
| forehead | frontal |
| eye socket | orbital |
| nose | nasal |
| mouth | oral |
| chin | mental |
| neck | cervial |
| shoulder | acromial |
| upper arm | brachial |
| forearm | antebrachial |
| armpit | axillary |
| middle of chest | sternal |
| breast | mammary |
| belly button | umbilical |
| inner elbow | antecubital |
| thumb | pollex |
| palm | palmar |
| fingers, toes | digital |
| hip | coxal |
| upper leg | femoral |
| knee | patellar |
| shin | crural |
| wrist | carpal |
| ankle | tarsal |
| top of foot | metatarsal |
| big toe | hallux |
| under umbilical | pelvic |
| under pelvic | inguinal |
| under inguinal | pubic |
| ear | otic |
| back of head | occipital |
| back, shoulder blades | scapular |
| elbow | olecranal |
| spine | vertebral |
| lower back | lumbar |
| lower middle back | sacral |
| butt | gluteal |
| below butt | perineal |
| back of hand | metacarpal |
| back of knee | popliteal |
| calf | sural |
| lower leg | fibular, peroneal |
| heel of foot | calcaneal |
| bottom of foot | plantar |
| hand | manus |
| cheek | buccal |
Created by:
c8linpluemacher
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