Chemistry Comes Alive
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Matter | anything that has mass & occupies space
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| Mass | numerical measure of it's enertia...measured in kilograms
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| Weight | the force of gravity on the object
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| Energy | capacity to do work or put matter into motion
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| Types of Energy | Kinetic & Potential
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| Kinetic | energy in action
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| Potential | stored (inactive) energy
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| Glucose | C6 H12 O6
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| C6 H12 O6 >>>>>> | 38ATP + 6CO2 + 6H20...cellular respiration...40% efficient
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| Forms of Energy | chemical...electrical...mechanical...radiant or electromagnetic
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| Chemical Energy | stored in bonds of chemical substances
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| Electrical Energy | results from movement of charged particles
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| Mechanical Energy | directly involved in moving matter
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| Radiant or Electromagnetic Energy | exhibits wavelike properties (i.e. visible light, ultraviolet light, & x-rays)
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| Conversion of Energy Forms | is inefficient because some energy is "lost" as heat
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| Major Elements of the Human Body | Oxygen...Carbon...Hydrogen...Nitrogen
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| Major Elements of the Human Body makes up _____ | about 99% of body mass
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| O | Oxygen
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| C | Carbon
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| H | Hydrogen
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| N | Nitrogen
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| Lesser Elements of the Human Body makes up _____ | about 3.9% of body mass
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| Lesser Elements of the Human Body | Calcium...Phosphorus...Potassium...Sulfur...Chlorine...Magnesium...Iodine...Iron
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| Ca | Calcium
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| P | Phosphorus
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| K | Potassium
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| S | Sulfur
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| Na | Sodium
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| Cl | Chlorine
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| Mg | Magnesium
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| I | Iodine
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| Fe | Iron
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| Trace Elements of the Human Body makes up _____ | <0.01% of body mass
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| Trace Elements of the Human Body | Chromium...Manganese...Zinc...Vitamins
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| Trace Elements of the Human Body are essential to _____ | most of the enzymes in the body
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| Cofactors | Chromium...Manganese...Zinc
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| Coenzymes | Vitamins
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| Cr | Chromium
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| Mn | Manganese
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| Zn | Zinc
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| Nucleus of an Atom Consists of _____ & _____ | neutrons (-) & protons (+)
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| Neutrons | no charge
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| Protons | positive charge
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| Electrons | orbit nucleus...equal in # to protons in atom...negative charge
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| Atomic # | # of protons in nucleus
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| Isotopes | structural variations of elements that differ in the # of neutrons they contain
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| Radioisotopes | spontaneous decay (radio activity)...similar chemistry to stable isotopes...can be detected with scanners
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| 3 Types of Mixtures | Solutions...Colloids...Suspensions
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| Solutions | homogeneous mixtures (the same)...usually transparent (solvent, solute)...solvent dissolves the solute
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| Colloids (Emulsions) | heterogeneous translucent mixture (different)...large solute particles that do not settle out...undergo sol-gel transformations...cytoplasm
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| Suspensions | heterogeneous mixtures (blood)...large visible solutes tend to settle out
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| Chemical Bonds | electrons occupy up to seven electron shells (energy levels) around nucleus
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| It is the _____ of _____ in the _____ of an element that dictates the _____ | #.....electrons.....outer shell.....chemical behavior
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| Octet Rule | except for the 1st shell, (which is full with 2 electrons) atoms interact in a manner to have 8 electrons in their outermost (valence) shell for stability
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| Chemically Inert Elements | do not chemically bond by ordinary means with anything else because they have 8 electrons in the valence shell
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| Chemically Reactive Elements | outermost energy level not fully occupied by electrons...tend to gain, lose, or share electrons (form bonds) with other atoms to achieve stability
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| Covalent Bond | the sharing of electrons between 2 or more elements
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| 3 Types of Chemical Bonds | ionic...covalent...hydrogen
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| Ionic Bonds | giving/taking of electrons...transfer of valence shell electrons between atoms
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| Anions | negative charge...have gained one or more electrons
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| Cations | positive charge...have lost one or more electrons
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| Attraction of _____ charges results in an _____ | opposite.....ionic bond
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| An Element that has Accepted an Electron is _____ | Reduced
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| An Element that Gives an Electron Away is _____ | the reducer
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| Reduction | gaining of an electron
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| Oxidized | giving an electron away
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| Oxidation | loss of an electron
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| Ionic compounds form _____ instead of individual molecules | crystals
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| Covalent Bonds | formed by sharing of 2 or more valence shell electrons...allows each atom to fill its valence shell at least part of the time
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| In covalent bonds, sharing of electrons may be _____ or _____ | equal or unequal
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| In covalent bonds, unequal sharing by atoms with different electron-attracting abilities produces _____ | polar molecules
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| electronegative | atom that has a greater pull on electrons
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| electropositive | atom that does not have a big pull on electrons
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| Polar molecules enhance _____ | the ability to be a solvent
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| Ionic bond...complete _____...seperates _____ | transfer of electrons.....ions form
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| Polar covalent bond...unequal _____...slight ______ | sharing of electrons...negative charge at one end & slight positive charge at the other end
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| Nonpolar covalent bond...equal _____...charge _____ | sharing of electrons...balanced among atoms
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| Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur...tends to have a _____ when dealing with _____ | electronegativity...hydrogen
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| Hydrogen Bonds | attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule
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| Dipoles | di = 2 poles = opposite ends...positive on one end & neg on other end
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| Intramolecular Bonds | holding a large molecule in a three-dimensional shape
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| The bonds of a water represent _____ ______ type of bond...Also known as a _____ | polar covalent...dipole
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| Oxygen has a greater affinity for the electrons & is therefore more _____...whereas, hydrogen has a lesser attraction for electrons is more _____ | electronegative...electropositive
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| The Oxygen end of the molecule is therefore slightly more _____ & the hydrogen ends are slightly more_____ | negative...positive
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| The attraction between the negative oxygen end of one water compound to the positive end of another water represents a _____ bond | Hydrogen
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| (T/F) Hydrogen bonds are strong bonds? | False, they are easily broken
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| (T/F) Hydrogen bonds may be inter- or intramolecular | True
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| The unique properties of water are attributable yo hydrogen bonds. Some of the properties include... | cohesion...high boiling point...why ice floats...high heat of vaporization...high heat capacity
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| Chemical Reactions | occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken...represented as chemical equations
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| Chemical Equations contain | molecular formula for each reactant & product...relative amounts of reactants & products, which balance
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| Electrons dictate | the chemical behavior of the element
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| 3 Patterns of Chemical Reactions | synthesis (combination) reactions...decomposition reactions...exchange reactions
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| Synthesis | building
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| Decomposition | breaking something down
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| Hydrolisis | adding H20 & breaking a bond
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| Synthesis reactions is what type of metabolism | Anabolism
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| Decomposition reactions is what type of metabolism | Catabolism
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| Endergonic | putting energy into a reaction to build a new bond
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| Exergonic | releasing energy through a chemical reaction
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| Amino Acids | basic subunit of every protein
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| What is dehydration synthesis | removal of a water molecule to form a new covalent bond
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| What is hydrolisis | the addition of a water molecule to break a covalent bond
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| What is anabolism | forming new bonds to build something bigger...requires energy (endergonic)
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| What is catabolism | breaking bonds to make something smaller. Large molecules down to subunits...releases energy (exergonic)
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| Electron donors _____ & are ______ | lose electrons...oxidized
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| Electron acceptors _____ & become _____ | receive electrons...reduced
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| Reducing Agent | the one giving the electron away...the one being oxidized
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| Oxidizing Agent | the one accepting the electron...the one being reduced
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| All chemical reactions are either | exergonic or endergonic
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| Exergonic Reactions | release energy in the form of catabolic reactions
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| Endergonic Reactions | contain more potential energy than it's reactions therefore we call it anabolic reactions
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| Rate of reaction is influenced by | higher temperature, smaller particle size, higher concentration of reactant
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| Higher temperature | increase rate of reaction
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| Smaller particle size | increase rate of reaction
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| increase concentration of reactant | increase rate of reaction
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| Catalysts | anything that increases the rate of the reaction without being chemically changed itself
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| Catalysts _____ rate of the reaction but _____ | increases...does not become part of the reaction
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| Biological Catalysts | enzymes
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| Classes of compounds | Inorganic compounds & organic compounds
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| Inorganic Compounds | water, salts, many acids & bases...do not contain carbon
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| Organic Compounds | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids...unique to living systems...contain carbon & hydrogen...usually large...covalent bonded by dehydration synthesis
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| Co & Co2 is _____ | inorganic
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| Water | most popular & common inorganic compound...essential for life...60-80% of the volume of living cells...most important inorganic compound in living organisms because of its properties
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| Intracellular Water | H20 in the cell...most of h20 in the body
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| Extracellular H20 | plasma in blood...water in tissues & matrix
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| Water's Properties | universal solvent...medium for chemical reactions to occur...is a part of chemical reactions
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| Salts | anything that you put into water that dissociates into it's ions...also called electrolytes
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| Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids | polar molecules...will dissolve in water
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| Fats | also called lipids...insoluble in water...nonpolar
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| Positively charged are | Cations
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| Negatively charged are | Anions
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| Electrolytes | anything thats a salt in a solution that will conduct electricity
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| Properties of water | high heat capacity...high heat of vaporization...polar solvent properties...reactivity...cushioning
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| High heat capacity property of water | absorbs & releases heat with little temperature change...prevents sudden changes in temperature
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| High heat of vaporization property of water | evaporation requires large amounts of heat energy...useful cooling mechanism
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| Polar solvent property of water | dissolves & dissociates ionic substances or electrolytes...forms hydration layers around large charged molecules (proteins, electrolytes)...body's major transport medium
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| Most common electrolytes that we deal with | Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3 = bicarbonate
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| Reactivity property of water | a necessary part of hydrolysis & dehydration synthesis reations
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| Hydrolysis is _____ | catabolic...covalent bonds being broken
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| Dehydration Synthesis is _____ | Anabolic...covalent bonds being made
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| Cushioning property of water | protects certain organs from physical trauma
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| Salts | Ionic compounds that dissociate in water...contains cations other than H+ & anions other than OH-...ions (electrolytes) conduct electrical currents in solution...ions play specialized roles in body functions
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| H+ | proton...+ represents an acid...drives the pH down
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| OH- | Hydroxyl ion...-represents alkaline (basic)...drives the pH up
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| Acids & Bases | both are elctrolytes
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| Acids | are proton (hydrogen ion) donors (release H+ in solution)...contain [H+]...as [H+] increases, acidity increases & pH decreases
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| Bases | are proton acceptors (take up H+ from solution)...alkaline solutions contain bases (e.g. OH-)...as [H+] decreases (or as [OH-] increases) alkalinity increases & pH increases...also called buffers
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| Bicarbonate ion & ammonia | important bases in the body because of buffering properties
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| Bicarbonate Ion | HCO3-
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| pH | the negative logarithm of [H+] in moles per liter
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| [ ] | refers to the concentration of the thing
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| 10 -7 m = _____ | 7 pH
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| Neutral Solutions | pure water...are pH 7...contains equal numbers of H+ & OH-
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| Acidic Solutions | increase [H+] = decrease pH...pH of 0 - 6.99
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| Alkaline Solutions | decrease [H+] == increase pH...pH of 7.01 - 14
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| Bloods normal pH is | 7.35 - 7.45
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| pH change interferes with _____ | cell function & may damage living tissues
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| Slight change in pH can be _____ | fatal
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| pH is regulated by _____ | kidneys (most effective but slowest responding)...lungs (2nd line of defense, expel or hold CO2)...buffers (frontline defense, binds protons - changes strong acids into weak acids)
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| Buffers | mixture of compounds that resist pH changes...convert strong (strongly dissociated) acids or bases into weak (slightly dissociated) ones
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| Carbonic Acid | formed by bicarbonate & protons reacting together...weak acid
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| If blood becomes too basic (rise in pH): | H2Co3>>>>>HCO3 + H+...creates more protons
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| If blood becomes too acid (drop in pH): | HCO3 + H+>>>>>H2CO3...creates carbonic acid
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| Many organic compounds are | polymers
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| polymers | chains of similar units (monomers or building blocks)
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| Polymers are formed by ______ | dehydration synthesis
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| What reactions break down polymers into monomers? | Hydrolysis
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| What molecule is essential to Hydrolysis? | H2O
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| Dehydration Synthesis | taking H20 out...anabolism...forms covalent bonds...endergonic reaction
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| Hydrolysis | water splitting...catabolism...exergonic reaction
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| ATP | primary form of energy in the body...endergonic reaction
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| Carbohydrates | carbo = carbon hydrates = water...sugars & starches...contain C, H, & O
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| (CH20)6 = | C6 H12 O6
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| 3 classes of carbohydrates | monosaccharides...disaccharides...polysaccharides
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| Functions of carbohydrates | major source of cellular fuel (glucose)...structural molecules (ribose sugar in RNA)
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| glucose + O2 = | ATP...aerobic respiration
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| Monosaccharides | simple sugars containing 3 to 7 C atoms
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| Subscript 6 = | Hexose
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| subscript 5 = | Pentose
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| Disaccharides | double sugars...too large to pass through cell membranes
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| Sucrose | table sugar...glucose + fructose...built by dehydration synthesis
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| Polysaccharides | polymers of simple sugars (starch & glycogen)...not very soluble...without enzymes we could not use them because we couldn't break them down
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| Isomers | same chemical formula, different molecule structure
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| Glycogen | animals main storage form of glucose...found in high concentrations in the liver & muscles
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| Starch | plants main storage form of glucose
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| Cellulose | a key structural molecule in plants...not digestible by humans
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| Lipids | nonpolar/insoluble...contains C, H, O (less than carbs) & sometimes P
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| Main types of Lipids | Neutral fats or triglycerides...phospholipids...steroids
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| Triglycerides | Neutral fats (solid fats & liquid oils)...composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
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| Saturated Fats | solid fats at room temperature
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| Unsaturated Fats | liquid oils at room temperature
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| Main functions of Triglycerides | energy storage...insulation...protection
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| Glycerol | is the 3 carbon backbone of triglycerides
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| What bond forms triglycerides | covalent ester bonds
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| Saturated fatty acids | unhealthy...single bonds between C atoms; max # of H...solid animal fats (e.g. butter)
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| Unsaturated fatty acids | one or more double bonds between C atoms...reduced # of H atoms...plant oils (e.g. olive oils)
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| Phospholipids | Bi molecule/ACDC molecule...modified triglycerides...head & tail regions have different properties (amphipathic)...important in cell membrane structure...problematic lipids
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| Head of phospholipids | phosphorus group...polar charged...water soluble = hydrophilic
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| Tails of phospholipids | 2 fatty acids...nonpolar...water insoluble = hydrophobic
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| Amphipathic | opposite properties...what phospholipids are
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| Steroids | interlocking 4-ring structure...cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, bile salts...vitamins K, E, D, & A (liquid soluble, water insoluble)
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| Cholesterol | basis of all steroids
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| Active vitamin D | stimulates small intestines to absorb calcium
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| Bile salts | emulsifies the fats in your diet...fats that encase lipids that you ingest in your diet to allow intestine to digest them
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| Fat-soluble vitamins | Vitamins K, E, D, A...can be stored in your system
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| Lipoproteins | transport fats in the blood
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| Proteins | most abundunt & most multifunctional of all organic compounds in the body...are enzymes...water insoluble...structural...polymers of amino acids (20 types)
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| Polymers of amino acids are joined _____ | by peptide bonds
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| Proteins contain: | C, H, O, N, & sometimes S & P
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| Peptide Bonds | covalent bonds between amino acids to make proteins...built by dehydration synthesis
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| Proteins are built on | peptide bonds
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| Peptides bonds are _____ & _____ | anabolism & endergonic
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| R group is called a _____ | functional group
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| DNA | blueprint (genetic code)...goes through transcription & turns into MRNA (messenger RNA)
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| Translation | conversion of MRNA on the ribosome into an amino acid chain (polypeptide chain)
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| Polypeptide Chain Primary Structure | the sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain
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| H bonds are _____ | responsible for secondary structure
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| Polypeptide chain secondary structure | primary chain forms spirals (alpha-helices) & sheets (beta-sheets)
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| Alpha-helix | the primary chain is coiled to form a spiral structure, which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds
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| Beta-sheet | primary chain "zig-zags" back & forth forming a "pleated" sheet. Adjacent strands are helped together by hydrogen bonds
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| At secondary structure, not a _____ but still a _____ | functional protein...polypeptide
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| Tertiary Structure | superimposed on secondary structure. Alpha-helices & beta-sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds
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| At the tertiary structure, is a _____ | functional protein
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| Denaturation | process of causing proteins to unfold & lose their specific three-dimensional shape into its primary structure
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| Quaternary Structure | 2 or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure combine to form a functional protein
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| Fibrous Proteins | structural proteins...strandlike...water insoluble...very stable
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| Examples of fibrous proteins | keratin, elastin, collagen, certain contractile fibers
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| Collagen | the most common protein in nature & the body
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| Elastin | primary foundation of arota & arteries
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| Keratin | hard, resilant protein...finger nails, hair, surface of skin...protective protein (water, abrasion, & tear resistant)
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| Globular Proteins | very diverse...compact...spherical...water-soluble...sensitive to enviromental changes
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| Examples of globular proteins | antibodies...hormones...molecular chaperones...enzymes
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| Enzymes | biological catalyst which speeds up chemical reactions
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| Enviromental changes that proteins are sensitive to | high heat...high & low pH...alcohols...chemical...high & low NaCl
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| Protein Denaturation | shape change & disruption of active sites due to enviromental changes...reversible in most cases, if normal conditions are restored...inreversible if extreme changes damage the structure beyond repair
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| Enzymes do what? | lower the activation energy, increase the soeed of a reaction
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| Characteristics of Enzymes | often named for the reaction they catalyze; usually end in -ase...some functional enzymes (holoenzymes) consist of: Apoenzyme (protein) ///cofactor (metal ion) or coenzyme (a vitamin)
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| Hydrolases | removes water
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| Oxidases | removes electrons from a molecule
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| What is an enzyme | protein...biologic catalyst
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| What is a catalyst | substance that speeds up a reaction
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| What is Ea | Energy of activation
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| Enzymes do what to a reaction | Lower energy of activation...speeds up reaction
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| On what does an enzyme act | Its substrate
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| Enzymes are _____for their substrate | specific
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| Nucleic Acids | DNA & RNA...Contain C, O, H, N, & P...Building block
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| DNA & RNA are the _____ | largest molecules in the body
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| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid...4 bases...double-stranded helical molecule...provides instructions for protein synthesis...replicates before cell division...has a 5 carbon sugar backbone...lacks oxygen...has thymine
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| 4 bases of DNA | Adenine (A)...Guanine (G)...Cytosine (C)...Thymine (T)
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| What is the 5 carbon sugar backbone of DNA | Ribose
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| DNA is _____to create offspring | replicated
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| Why does DNA replicate before cell division | to ensure genetic continuity
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| RNA | Ribonucleic Acid...has oxygen...has uracil...4 bases...single-stranded molecule...3 varieties carry out DNA orders for protein synthesis
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| 3 varieties of RNA | Messenger RNA...Transfer RNA...Ribosomal RNA
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| 4 bases of RNA | Adenine (A)...Guanine (G)...Cytosine (C)...Uracil (U)
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| Differences of DNA & RNA | DNA does not have an oxygen while RNA does...DNA is a double-stranded molecule & RNA is a single-stranded molecule...DNA has thymine & RNA has uracil
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| Building block of DNA & RNA | nucleotide >>>>>subunit
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| Nucleotide is composed of | N containing base...pentose sugar...phosphate group
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| Pentose Sugar & Phosphate Group | backbone of DNA & RNA...don't participate in the actual reaction of DNA & RNA
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| N containing group | active portion of DNA & RNA...pair with their partner only
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| Adenine (A) & Thymine (T) | always pair with each other
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| Cytosine (C) & Guanine(G) | Always pair with each other
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| What bases of DNA & RNA always pair with each other | A & T...C & G
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| A & T/C & G pair by a ______ | Hydrogen bond
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| In RNA, A pairs with _____ | U
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| DNA >>>>> DNA | replication
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| DNA >>>>> mRNA | transcription
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| mRNA | carries message from the nucleus to the ribosome
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| mRNA >>>>> Protein | translation
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| tRNA | transfers amino acid to the ribosome
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| rRNA | RNA that is embeded in the ribosome
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| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate...adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with 2 additional phosphate groups
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| Function of ATP | Phosphorylation
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| Phosphorylation | terminal phosphates are enzymatically transferred to & energize other moelcules...such "primed" molecules perform cellular work (life processes) using the phosphate bond energy
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| ATP is _____ into ______ | hydrolized...ADP & a phosphate group
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