Development of genitals
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| Describe the types of hypospadia | Glanular: Urethra opens at the inferior surface of glans. Penoscrotal: Down at the base of free penis. Penile: midway opening
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| What causes a double uterus/vagina? | Lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts and lack of uterine septum to disappear
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| What is the mesonepheric ridge derived from? | Intermediate mesoderm
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| What develops in the mesonephric ridge region? | Mesonephric duct
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| What develops in the gonadal ridge? | Gonads. There is a thickening of the epithelium in the genital ridge
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| What happns in the urogenital ridge? | Migrating neural crest cells. thickening medial to the genital ridge where the adrenal gland will be.
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| What does the adrenal gland produce? Medulla? | Adreneline. The cells that produce and secrete adrenaline act as if they are postsynaptic. They secrete in response to presynaptice fibers from thorax
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| What does the cortex produce? | There are corticoids and testosterone
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| Describe the germ cells | Eventually going to be egg or sperm, if they get lost they can become tetratomas
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| How do the germ cells migrate? | Along the allontois, around the cloaca, through hindgut, dorsal mesentery, then to gonadal ridge
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| Describe the primitive sex chords of male and female | Cords of the cortex persist in females, Medulla persist in males
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| What does the medullary cords develop into in males? | Rete testis
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| Where are the follicular cells in the female? | They make a follicle around the primary oocytes
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| What degenerates to become the proper ligament of the ovary and the round ligament? | Mesonephric duct
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| What is another name for mullerian duct? | Paramesonephric duct
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| what do the paramonephric ducts do in female? | They join together but not quite closed to form the cervix
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| What is at the end of the uterovaginal plate? | Hymen
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| What is another name for the mesonephric duct? | Wolfian duct
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| What does the wolfian duct become in the female? | Ovarian ligament proper and the round ligament of the uterus
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| What factor is th Y chromosome referred to as? | Testis determining factor
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| If the gonad contains the Y chromosome then what are the cells it develops? | Sertoli cells
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| What hormone does the sertoli cells produce? | Antimullerian hormone: prevents further development of the mullerian ducts
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| What population of cells does AMH cause? | Leydig cells
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| What do leydig cells produce? | Testosterone
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| What is the 1st population of leydig cells responsible for? | Maintaing the wolfian duct
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| Waht is the 2nd population of leydig cells responsible for? | Spermatogenesis
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| When do the testis cords become hallow? | At puberty
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| What do the paragenital tubules develop into? | Epididymis
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| What do the mesonephric tubules develop into? | The efferent ducts
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| What do the genital swellings develop into? | The labia majora or scrotum
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| What do cells have in the perineal area that are responsible for testosterone conversion? | 5 alpha reductase that converts testosterone to DHT
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| What does the DHT lead to? | there are DHT receptors that when bound will result in the development of secondary characteristics
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| When the phallus elongates what happens? | There is going to be a urethral fold
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| What happens to the urethral groove and where is it? | It is at the base of the penis and it gets zipped up by urethral raphe. There is also scrotal raphe that zips up the scrotum
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| What is the urethral fold similar to in the female? | The labia minora
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| What does the urethral plate at the base of the penis do? | It pushes itself it
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| What is the secondary groove? | It is an indentation of the primary groove. The urethral folds come and zip the whole thing up
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| What does the bulbourethral gland do? | Produce secretions
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| Where do seminal vesicles secrete? | Into the urethra
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| What does the glanular urethra from from? | a second population and so we end up with a wider section of the urethra referred to as the navicular fossa
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