The Renaissance
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| Identiy/Explain six reasons why the Renaissance began in Italy | 1. money/wealth
2. development of civic humanism
3. urban center; had never been heavily feudalized
4. strategic geographic location
5. influx of Greek immigrants
6. considered themselves to be natural heirs of the Ancient Romans
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| periodization | the attempt to categorize or divide time periods based on MAJOR features; it is often arbitrary and done for the convenience of the historians
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| Jacob Burckhardt | Philosopher who viewed believed the Renaissance represented new secular and scientific values
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| Francesco Petrarch | a poet and humanist who believed the Renaissance represented new secular and scientific values
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| Bourgeoisie | the middle, or Burgher, class which possessed the majority of control over the economy; they "made things happen" with their money (i.e. patronage)
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| Individualism | the driving ambition for success which drove people to complete achievement of their potential; a change from the "organic" views of the Middle Ages
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| "On the Dignity of Man" | written by Pico della Mirandola; "man's place in the universe may be somewhere between the beasts and the angels but there are no limits to what man can accomplish"; prime example of humanism
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| High Renaissance | time period during the Renaissance when artistic and scientific output was at its max; considered peak moment of the Renaissance
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| Secular | not belonging to a religious order; much of the work during the Renaissance took on a secular nature
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| Lorenzo Valla | attacked Medieval traditions and texts; revealed "Donation of Constantine" as a forgery in book "On the False Donation of Constantine"; defended predestination against free will
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| "On the False Donation of Constantine" | by Lorenzo Valla; demonstrates that anonymous 8th C. donation supposedly giving the papacy jurisdiction over cast territories in western Europe was a forgery
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| "The Decameron" | written by Boccaccio; contains 100 bawdy tales told by 3 men and 7 women in a safe country retreat away from the plague; a stinging social commentary and a sympathetic look at human behavior
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| Pope Leo X | known for granting indulgences for those who donated to the reconstruction of St. Peter's Basilica; challenged Martin Luther's 95 Theses; son of Lorenzo de' Medici
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| Pope Julius II | the warrior pope; papacy marked by active foreign policy, ambitious building projects and patronage of art; commissioned the Sistine Chapel
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| vernaculars | languages that are native to a region, i.e. French in France, Spanish in Spain, etc
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