Respiratory System and Acid/Base Exam CCC PN 105
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| Functions of respiratory system | Air distribution, gas exchange, filter-warm-humidify air
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| What does the respiratory system do | supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body
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| what does the respiratory system look like | a hollow, upside-down tree
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| what are thin-walled air sacs in the lungs | alveoli
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| how does the respiratory system exchange gas | passive transport of diffusion
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| what are the divisions of the respiratory tract | upper and lower
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| what is included in the upper respiratory tract | nose, pharynx, larynx
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| what is included in the lower respiratory tract | trachea, bronchi, lungs
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| what is a specialized membrane lining the air distribution tubes in the "tree" | respiratory mucosa
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| what forms over the mucosa | mucous blanket
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| what is the function of the mucous | air purification by trapping dust and pollen
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| what does the mucous blanket cover | nose, throat, alveoli, and bronchi
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| what beats upwards to move mucous up and out of pharynx | cilia
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| where does the air enter the respiratory tract | nose/nares/nostrils
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| what is the nasal septum | partition that divides the mose into two cavities
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| what are the paranasal sinuses | frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal
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| what do the paranasal sinuses do | warm and moisten the air; sense of smell
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| these tear ducs drain into the nose | lacrimal sacs
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| these drain into the mose, are lined with mucous membranes and lighten the skull | paranasal sinuses
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| pharynx | the throat, lined with mucous membranes
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| where does the pharynx enter | nasal cavities
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| where does the pharynx leave | larynx
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| how long is the pharynx | 5 in
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| how long is the trachea | 4.5 in
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| three parts of pharynx | naso, oro, largeno
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| larengopharynx | lower, behind larynx
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| oropharynx | middle, behind mouth
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| nasopharynx | upper, behind nose
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| open into pharynx | nasal cavities, mouth, espohagus, larynx, and auditory tubes
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| open into nasopharynx | pharyngeal tonsils (adnoids) and openings of auditory tubes
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| open into oropharynx | tonsils
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| function of pharynx | air distribution/passage, moves foods/liquids
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| larynx | voicebox, lined with mucous membranes
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| larynx made of | several pieces of cartilidge
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| adam's apple | largest pice of cartlidge (thyroid cartlidge)
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| epiglottis | trap door
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| what does epiglottis do | prevents food from entering into trachea
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| glottis | space between vocal cords
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| vocal cords | stretch across to produce sound
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| 3 parts of larynx | vocal cords, epiglottis, glottis
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| function of larynx | air distritbution to/from lungs, voice production
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| trachea | wind pipe tube, lined with mucous membrane
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| trachea | c-shaped rings of cartlidge hold it open and protect from collapse
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| function of trachea | passageway for air to/from lungs, produce and move mucous
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| obstruction of trachea | can cause death in minutes, 4000 accidental per year in US
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| obstruction of trachea by | tumors, swelling, choking
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| first branch from trachea | primary bronchi
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| bronchioles end in | clusters of alveolar sacs
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| alveoli | make up walls of alveolar sacs
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| function of bronchi/bronchioles | air passage
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| function of alveoli | gas exchange between air and blood
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| R lung | 3 lobes
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| L lung | 2 lobes
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| apex | narrow, upper part under collar bone
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| base | broad, lower part resting on diaphragm
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| pleura | moist, slippery membrane lining lung cavities
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| function of pleura | prevent friction during breathing
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| visceral pleura | covers lungs
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| pareital pleura | lines thoracic cavity
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| intrapleural space | between pleura linings
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| function of pleura | pulmonary ventilation
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| respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between living organisms and their environments
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| 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation | inspiration, expiration
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| what causes air to move in and out | changes in size and shape of thorax causing changes in air pressure in chest cavity and lungs
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| inspiration | inhaling, active process
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| expiration | exhaling, passive process
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| diaphragm flattens, increasing chest area top to bottom; external intercostals contract and elevate increasing chest area side to side and front to back | inspiration
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| most important organ of inspiration | diaphragm
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| quiet process, returning thorax to resting size and shape with aid of elaxtic lung recoil | expiration
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| abdominal muscles elevate chest cavity to decrease thorax size while internal intercostals deptress rib cage and decrease throat size, forcing air out during speaking, singing, or exercise | forceful expiration
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| transports oxygen and carbon dioxide | blood
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| measures volumes of air exhanged | spirometer
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| air normally breathed in/out with each breath | tidal volume TV
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| air forcefully inhalled after a normal inspiration | inspiratory reserve volume IRV
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| air forcefully expelled after a normal breathing out | expiratory reserve volume ERV
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| greatest amount of air breathed out in one expiration, includes TV, IRV, ERV | vital capacity
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| air remaining in lungs after ERV | residual volume RV
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| permits the body to adjust to varying demands for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal | respiratory regulation
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| respiratory control centers | inspiratory control center, expiratory control center; produce normal rate/depth respirations
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| where are respiratory control centers | medulla
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| normal respirations | 12-18 per minute
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| pulse ox | measures oxygen saturation
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| regualar oxygen saturation | 97%
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| eupnea | normal breathing, 12-18 per minute
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| hyperventilation | rapid and deep breathing
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| hypoventilation | slow and shallow breathing
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| dyspnea | labored or difficult breathing, often associated with slow and shallow breathing
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| apnea | brief, stopped respirations
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| respiratory arrest | failure to resume breathing after brief, stopped respirations
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| # indicating hydrogen ions in fluid | pH
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| neutral pH | 7.0
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| alkaline pH | above 7.0
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| acidic pH | below 7.0
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| increase in hydrogen means | lower pH, more acidic
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| decrease in hydrogen means | higher pH, more alkaline
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| buffers | prevent sharp changes in pH when acid/base is added
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| respiratory mechanisms | remove carbon dioxide from blooc with carbonic acid (H2CO3), increases blood to arterial level
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| urinary mechanisms | kidneys acidify urine, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) added to reduce acidity
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| most effective regulator of blood pH | urinary mechanisms
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| arterial pH | 7.45
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| venous pH | 7.35
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| acidosis | too much acid
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| alkalosis | too much base
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| regulates sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | kidneys
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| regulates carbonic acid (H2CO3) | lungs
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| metabolic distrubances | affect kidneys
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| respiratory disturbances | affect lungs
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| metabolic acidosis | not enough sodium bicarbonate, low pH
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| metabolic alkalosis | too much sodium bicarbonate, high pH
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| respiratory acidosis | too much carbonic acid, low pH
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| respiratory alkalosis | not enough carbonic acid, high pH
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