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Resp Sys Acid/Base
Respiratory System and Acid/Base Exam CCC PN 105
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of respiratory system | Air distribution, gas exchange, filter-warm-humidify air |
| What does the respiratory system do | supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body |
| what does the respiratory system look like | a hollow, upside-down tree |
| what are thin-walled air sacs in the lungs | alveoli |
| how does the respiratory system exchange gas | passive transport of diffusion |
| what are the divisions of the respiratory tract | upper and lower |
| what is included in the upper respiratory tract | nose, pharynx, larynx |
| what is included in the lower respiratory tract | trachea, bronchi, lungs |
| what is a specialized membrane lining the air distribution tubes in the "tree" | respiratory mucosa |
| what forms over the mucosa | mucous blanket |
| what is the function of the mucous | air purification by trapping dust and pollen |
| what does the mucous blanket cover | nose, throat, alveoli, and bronchi |
| what beats upwards to move mucous up and out of pharynx | cilia |
| where does the air enter the respiratory tract | nose/nares/nostrils |
| what is the nasal septum | partition that divides the mose into two cavities |
| what are the paranasal sinuses | frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal |
| what do the paranasal sinuses do | warm and moisten the air; sense of smell |
| these tear ducs drain into the nose | lacrimal sacs |
| these drain into the mose, are lined with mucous membranes and lighten the skull | paranasal sinuses |
| pharynx | the throat, lined with mucous membranes |
| where does the pharynx enter | nasal cavities |
| where does the pharynx leave | larynx |
| how long is the pharynx | 5 in |
| how long is the trachea | 4.5 in |
| three parts of pharynx | naso, oro, largeno |
| larengopharynx | lower, behind larynx |
| oropharynx | middle, behind mouth |
| nasopharynx | upper, behind nose |
| open into pharynx | nasal cavities, mouth, espohagus, larynx, and auditory tubes |
| open into nasopharynx | pharyngeal tonsils (adnoids) and openings of auditory tubes |
| open into oropharynx | tonsils |
| function of pharynx | air distribution/passage, moves foods/liquids |
| larynx | voicebox, lined with mucous membranes |
| larynx made of | several pieces of cartilidge |
| adam's apple | largest pice of cartlidge (thyroid cartlidge) |
| epiglottis | trap door |
| what does epiglottis do | prevents food from entering into trachea |
| glottis | space between vocal cords |
| vocal cords | stretch across to produce sound |
| 3 parts of larynx | vocal cords, epiglottis, glottis |
| function of larynx | air distritbution to/from lungs, voice production |
| trachea | wind pipe tube, lined with mucous membrane |
| trachea | c-shaped rings of cartlidge hold it open and protect from collapse |
| function of trachea | passageway for air to/from lungs, produce and move mucous |
| obstruction of trachea | can cause death in minutes, 4000 accidental per year in US |
| obstruction of trachea by | tumors, swelling, choking |
| first branch from trachea | primary bronchi |
| bronchioles end in | clusters of alveolar sacs |
| alveoli | make up walls of alveolar sacs |
| function of bronchi/bronchioles | air passage |
| function of alveoli | gas exchange between air and blood |
| R lung | 3 lobes |
| L lung | 2 lobes |
| apex | narrow, upper part under collar bone |
| base | broad, lower part resting on diaphragm |
| pleura | moist, slippery membrane lining lung cavities |
| function of pleura | prevent friction during breathing |
| visceral pleura | covers lungs |
| pareital pleura | lines thoracic cavity |
| intrapleural space | between pleura linings |
| function of pleura | pulmonary ventilation |
| respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between living organisms and their environments |
| 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation | inspiration, expiration |
| what causes air to move in and out | changes in size and shape of thorax causing changes in air pressure in chest cavity and lungs |
| inspiration | inhaling, active process |
| expiration | exhaling, passive process |
| diaphragm flattens, increasing chest area top to bottom; external intercostals contract and elevate increasing chest area side to side and front to back | inspiration |
| most important organ of inspiration | diaphragm |
| quiet process, returning thorax to resting size and shape with aid of elaxtic lung recoil | expiration |
| abdominal muscles elevate chest cavity to decrease thorax size while internal intercostals deptress rib cage and decrease throat size, forcing air out during speaking, singing, or exercise | forceful expiration |
| transports oxygen and carbon dioxide | blood |
| measures volumes of air exhanged | spirometer |
| air normally breathed in/out with each breath | tidal volume TV |
| air forcefully inhalled after a normal inspiration | inspiratory reserve volume IRV |
| air forcefully expelled after a normal breathing out | expiratory reserve volume ERV |
| greatest amount of air breathed out in one expiration, includes TV, IRV, ERV | vital capacity |
| air remaining in lungs after ERV | residual volume RV |
| permits the body to adjust to varying demands for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal | respiratory regulation |
| respiratory control centers | inspiratory control center, expiratory control center; produce normal rate/depth respirations |
| where are respiratory control centers | medulla |
| normal respirations | 12-18 per minute |
| pulse ox | measures oxygen saturation |
| regualar oxygen saturation | 97% |
| eupnea | normal breathing, 12-18 per minute |
| hyperventilation | rapid and deep breathing |
| hypoventilation | slow and shallow breathing |
| dyspnea | labored or difficult breathing, often associated with slow and shallow breathing |
| apnea | brief, stopped respirations |
| respiratory arrest | failure to resume breathing after brief, stopped respirations |
| # indicating hydrogen ions in fluid | pH |
| neutral pH | 7.0 |
| alkaline pH | above 7.0 |
| acidic pH | below 7.0 |
| increase in hydrogen means | lower pH, more acidic |
| decrease in hydrogen means | higher pH, more alkaline |
| buffers | prevent sharp changes in pH when acid/base is added |
| respiratory mechanisms | remove carbon dioxide from blooc with carbonic acid (H2CO3), increases blood to arterial level |
| urinary mechanisms | kidneys acidify urine, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) added to reduce acidity |
| most effective regulator of blood pH | urinary mechanisms |
| arterial pH | 7.45 |
| venous pH | 7.35 |
| acidosis | too much acid |
| alkalosis | too much base |
| regulates sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | kidneys |
| regulates carbonic acid (H2CO3) | lungs |
| metabolic distrubances | affect kidneys |
| respiratory disturbances | affect lungs |
| metabolic acidosis | not enough sodium bicarbonate, low pH |
| metabolic alkalosis | too much sodium bicarbonate, high pH |
| respiratory acidosis | too much carbonic acid, low pH |
| respiratory alkalosis | not enough carbonic acid, high pH |
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