| Question | Answer |
| when a cell communicates with itself | autocrine communication |
| when a cell comunicates only with the cells closest to it | paracrine communication |
| when a cell communicates by releasing chemicals into the blood or lymph | endocrine communication |
| factors in blood or lymph that stimulate a gland | humoral stimuli |
| when a neuron stimulates an endocrine gland | neural stimuli |
| when a hormone stimulates the release of another hormone | hormonal stimuli |
| derived from amino acids, hydrophylic(disolves into blood or lymph), unable to pass through cell membrane, activates cell receptor like a lock and key | amino acid based hormones |
| hydrophophobic(can't disolve in blood or lymph), must bind to an amphipathic molecule(a chaparone)can dissolve intot eh cell membrane, binds to intercellular receptor to initiate response | steroid based hormones |
| specific hormones can only bind to specific receptors | hormone specificity |
| once a hormone binds to a receptor it does not stay attached, but bounces on and off | dynamic equilibrium |
| the bonding strength of a hormone | affinity
the higher the affinity, the more apt the hormone will bind tot eh receptor |
| acts as the link between the nervous system and endocrine system | hypothalamus |
| thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)
leutinizing hormone(LH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
frowth hormone(GH)
prolactin all are secreted by | anterior pituitary |
| Function: stimulates thyroid
Target Organ: thyroid
release stimulated by: thyroid releasing hormone(TRH) from the hypothalamus | TSH thyroid stimulating hormone |
| function: stimulates sex cell production(eggs or sperm)
target organ: gonads
release stimulated by: gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH) from the hypothalamus | FSH follicle stimulating hormone |
| function: stimulates release of sex steroids
target organ:gonads
release stimulated by: gonadotropin hormone(GnRH) from the hypothalamus | LH leutinizing hormone |
| function: stimulates release of steroids from the adrenal cortex
target organ: adrenal cortex
release is stimulated by: corticotropin releasing hormone(CRH) from the hypothalamus | adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) |
| function: stimulates mitosis and cell division
target organs: bones, muscle, and other structures associated with growth
release is stimulated by: growth hormone releasing hormone(GHRH) from the hypothalamus | growth hormone(GH) |
| function: stimulates milk production
target organ: mammary glands
release is stimulated by: decreased prolactin inhibiting hormone(PIH) from the hypothalamus | prolactin |
| the posterior pituitary releases two hormones | vasopressin, oxytocin |
| function: regulation of water concentration
target organ: kidneys
release is stimulated by: neurons from the hypothalamus | vasopressin |
| function: stimulating milk ejection and uterus contraction
target organ: mammary glands and uterus
release is stimulated by: neurons from the ypothalamus | oxytocin |
| thyroid releases two important hormones | calcitonin and thyroxine(T3and T4) |
| function:inhibits calcium entry into the blood from the intestine and other sources. The overall result is reduction of blood calcium levels
Target organ: intestine, kidney, bone
release is stimulated by: high blood calcium levels | calcitonin |
| function: regulates metobolic rate
target organ: all cells of the body
release is stimulated by: TSH from the anterior pituitary | thyroxine(T3andT4) |
| releases parathyroid hormone | parathyroid gland |
| function: promotes calcium entry into the blood
target organ:intestine, kidney, bone
release is stimulated by: low blood calcium levels | parathyroid hormone(PTH) |
| two separate regions of the adrenal gland | adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex |
| function: promote the fight or flight response during periods of stress
target organ: all tissues involved in fight or flight response
release initiated by: sympathetic nervous system | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| aldosterone and cortisol are released by | adrenal cortex |
| function: regulates ion and water balance
target organ: kidneys
release is initiated by: ACTH from the anterior pituitary | aldosterone |
| function: increases blood sugar levels
target organ: liver, immune system
release initiated by: ACTH from the anterior pituitary | cortisol |
| made and released by the pancreas
function: allows entry of glucose into cells
target organ: liver, muscle, fat
release is initiated by: high blood glucose levels | insulin |
| made and released by the pancreas
function: promotes the creation and release of glucose from teh cells
target organ: liver
release is initiated by: low blood glucose levels | glucagon |
| produced by the testes
function: aids in the development of male sexual characteristics
target organ: muscle, bone brain, and many other regions
release is stimulated by: LH from the anterior pituitary | testosterone |
| produced by the ovaries
function: aids in the development of female sexual characterisics
target organ: muscle, bone, brain, and many other regions
release is initiated by: LH from the anterior pituitary | estrogen |
| produced by the pineal gland
function: initiates sleep cycle
target organ: brain
release is initiated by: darkness | melatonin |
