| Question | Answer |
| enamel | -hardest tissue -ca phosphate/carbonate -no sensation |
| Dentin | -similar to enamel -have cells -ondontoblasts in pulp |
| Pulp | -soft tissue
-BV, lymphatic, nerves |
| Cementum | -calcified CT -covers root |
| periodontal ligament | -collagen fibres -connect bone of socket to cementum
-rapid turnover |
| Tongue muscles | -longitudinal -transverse -vertical -movement in all directions |
| Tongue surface | papillae=fungiform + filiform + circumvallate |
| Salivary glands (3 types) | -(1)parotid -(2)submandibular
-(3)sublingual |
| salivary glands function | -parasympathetic stimulation
-smell,taste,thought,seeing food
-saliva=water+mucous+enzymes
-lysozymes & amylase |
| Lysozyme & amylase | -antibacterial
-breaks down starch debri |
| peritoneal cavity | -serous fluid |
| large folds | -bind organs together & to abdominal cavity
-contain BV,lymphatics & nerves |
| Greater omentum | -largest fold -drapes over colon & small instest.
-fatty apron |
| Falciform ligament | -liver to ab. wall & diaphragm |
| lesser omentum | -suspends stomach & dueodenum from liver |
| mesentry | -jejunium & ileum to ab. wall
-double layered |
| four tunics of the gut | (1)mucous membrane (2)submucous membrane (3)external SM
(4)serosa |
| (1)mucous membrane | -epithelium(protection & absorption)
-lamina propria (soft CT,defensive cells, BV lymph,nerves)
-muscularis mucosae(mucous) |
| (2)submucosa membrane | -thick bed CT
-BV, lymph, nerves
-movement & connection betwn. muscle & mucosa |
| (3)smooth muscle | -peristalisis -inner=circular
-outer=longitudinal |
| (4)serosa | -slippery outer covering -2layered
-outer mesothelium in CT |
| Esophagus function | -transport
-protection
-little secretion
-noabsorption |
| Esophagus 4 normal layer except: | -lacks serosa
-SM & skeletal muscle in upper
-sacrificial mucous mem. |
| stomach -4regions | -Fundus -cardia -body -pylorus |
| Stomach functions (5) | -secretion:enzyme,acids
-Absorption:H2O,ions,drugs
-digestion:by pepsin
-transport:mixing waves
-protection:against microbes |
| Stomach 4 layers usual except: | -pits in epithelial
-secreting cells
-3-layers external muscle |
| mucosa of stomach (cells involved) | -surface mucosa
-undifferentiated
-mucous neck cells
-parietal
-chief cells
-gastrin (enteroendocrine) |
| Surface mucosa cells | -insoluble
-alkaline mucus -protects from acids & pepsin |
| Chief cells | -lipase
-pepsinogen-->pepsin by acid |
| Undifferentiated | -stem cells -divide forming new epithelium |
| parietal cells | -HCl kills microbes |
| Gastrin cells (enteroendocrine)
STOMACH | -gastrin(in blood)stim: secretion of pepsinogen & acid,
muscle contraction, pyloric sphincter relaxation |
| mucous neck cells | -soluble alkaline mucous
-mealtimes |
| Liver | -huge gland -made of hepatocytes (epi.cells)
-derived from embryonic endoderm |
| Hepatocytes Functions (4) | -multitalented(more than 500 diff. met. fn)
-glycogen/glucose storage & release
-bile syn. & secretion
-syn. plasma proteins
-removal of toxins |
| Hepatocyte requires..? (3) | -nutrient laden blood
-oxygenated blood
-ducts(drain bile) |
| Pancreas | -dual organ -endocrine & exocrine |
| Pancreas [exocrine] | -manufactures precursor digestive enzy
-secret alkaline "pancreatic juices"
-active in duodenum |
| Pancreatic enzyme digest... | -most food substance
-lipids, proteins, carbs, nuceic acids) |
| Pancreas [endocrine] | -secrete hormones into blood stream -reg. blood glucose (insulin & glucagon) |
| Small intestine (3 parts) | -dueodenum
-jejunum
-ileum |
| Duodenum Fn | -biliary & pancreatic ducts |
| jejunum Fn | -primary chem. digestion & nutrient absorption |
| Illeum | -terminates at ileocecal sphincter -controls entry of materials |
| Small intestine usual except: | -specialised mucosa incr. SA
-submucosa downstream from pyloric contains mucous glands |
| glands of brunner | -in small intestine
-below pyloric sphincter
-mucous gland |
| Increasing SA in small intestine (3) | (1)plicae (2)villi (3)microvilli |
| incr. SA (1)Plicae | -circular folds -1cM -mucosa surrounding
-submucosa in core |
| incr. SA (2)villi | -fingers -1mm -epi. covers
-lamina propria covers |
| incr. SA (3)microvilli | -finger -1mircoM -brush border -on indiv. absorptive cells
-cell mem. covers -cytoplasm inside |
| Paneth cells | -bactericidal enzyme lysozyme(phagocytic) |
| Goblet cells | secret mucus |
| Epithelial cells in small instestine are............? | short lived |
| lymph vessel in villi [small instestine] | -lacteal
-SM fibres contract & lymph milked along |
| enteroendocrine cells stimulated by ______ which cause secretion of ______ | -arrival of chyme -secretin=stim. pancreatic juices released |
| Large intestine functions (5) | (1)absorption(salt&water)
(2)secretion(mucus) (3)defacation (4)conversion(chyme->feces)
(5)bacteria (produce vits) |
| ileocecal valve | -controls flow chyme -illeum->cecum |
| 7 parts of large intestine | cecum
-appendix
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-haustra
-sigmoid colon
-rectum |
| cecum | -dilated pouch
-bacteria digest here (not enzymes) |
| Appendix | -vestigial |
| large intestine usual except:
MUCOSA | -no vili
-enterocytes
-goblet no paneth
-renewal of wall
-many lymphocytes |
| large intestine usual except:
External muscle | -longitudinal muscle contract to form pockets (Haustra coli) |
| mucosa of colon | -columnar absorptive (enterocytes)
-goblet
-undiff.
-WBC |
