| Question | Answer |
| nares | nostrils |
| nose | externally visible part of the respiratory system |
| nasal cavity | interior of the nose; is divided by the nasal septum |
| olfactory receptors | just beneath the ethmoid bone, the receptors for the sense of smell, located in the mucosa |
| respiratory mucosa | the mucosa lining the nasal cavity |
| respiratory system | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli; purify, humidify and warm the incoming air |
| alveoli | the terminal air sacs; dead end of the incoming oxygen; where the gas exchanges with blood |
| conchae | lobes of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, increase the surface area of the mucosa exposed to air; increase air turbulence in the nasal cavity; three levels, superior, middle, inferior |
| palate | the partition between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity; both hard, supported by bone and soft, unsupported posterior part |
| cleft palate | genetic defect, failure of the bones forming the palate to fuse medially |
| paranasal sinuses | nasal cavity supported by the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones |
| sinuses | lighten the skull, act as resonance chambers for speech; produce mucus, draining into the nasal cavities |
| nasolacrimal ducts | drains tears from the eyes, empties into the nasal cavity |
| rhinitis | inflammation of the nasal mucosa |
| sinusitis | inflammation of the sinuses; passageways are blocked with mucus or infectious matter, air in sinus cavity is absorbed, creates a partial vacuum, creating a "sinus headache" |
| sinus headache | see sinusitis |
| pharynx | muscular passageway 5 inches long vaguely resembling a short garden hose; the throat |
| posterior nasal aperture | connects the nasal cavity and pharynx |
| nasopharynx | air enters into this from the nasal cavity |
| oropharynx | the middle portion, between the naso- and laryno-pharynx |
| laryngopharynx | the lower portion of the pharynx |
| esophagus | where food enters from the pharynx |
| pharyngotympanic tubes | drain the middle ear into the nasopharynx |
| otitis media | ear infection |
| tonsils | lymphatic tissue found in the pharynx; plays a role in the protection of the body |
| pharyngeal tonsil | adenoid, high in the nasopharynx |
| palatine tonsils | in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate |
| lingual tonsils | at the base of the tongue |
| tonsillitis | inflamed and swollen pharyngeal tonsil tissue |
| larynx | voice box; routes air and food into the proper channels; plays a role in speech; formed by eight rigid hyaline cartilages, and epiglottis |
| thyroid cartilage | part of the larynx cartilage, AKA adam's apple |
| epiglottis | protects the superior opening of the larynx; forms a lid over the opening of the larynx, routing food into the esophagus |
| true vocal cords (folds) | mucous membrane of the larynx; vibration of these allow us to speak |
| glottis | slitlike passageway between the vocal folds |
| trachea | windpipe, about 4 inches; travels from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra; lined with a ciliated mucosa, directing particles and debris away from the lungs to the throat |
| hyaline cartilage | causes the trachea to be fairly rigid; aids the esophagus in staying open and expanding |
| main (primary) bronchi | formed by the division of the trachea; joins at the hilum of the lung; right is wider, straighter and shorter than the left |
| lungs | fairly large organs, occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the mediastinum |
| mediastinum | houses the heart, great blood vessels, bronchi, esophagus and other organs |
| apex | the narrow superior portion of each lung deep to the clavicle |
| base | the portion of the lung that rests on the diaphragm |
| pulmonary (visceral) pleura | surface of each lung |
| parietal pleura | lines the walls of the thorcic cavity |
| pleural fluid | slippery serous secretion allowing the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing; causes the pleural layers to cling together |
| pleural space | potential space between the lungs and the thorax wall |
| pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura |
| bronchioles | the smallest of the conducting passageways |
| terminal bronchioles | smaller than the bronchioles, lead into the repiratory zone structures, terminating in alveoli |
| respiratory zone | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli; the only site of gas exchange |
| conducting zone | serve as conduits to and from the respiratory zone |
| alveolar pores | connect neighboring air sacs of the alveoli |
| respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier) | gas flows past on one side and blood flows past on the other |
| alveolar macrophages | go in and out of alveoli, picking up bacteria, carbon particles and debris |
| surfectant | lipid molecule produced by cuboidal cells, coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces, aids in lung function |
| respiration | pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, internal respiration |
| pulmonary ventilation | breathing; depends of the volume changes occurring in the thoracic cavity |
| external respiration | gas exchanges are made between the blood and the exterior of the body |
| repiratory gas transport | the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide being transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via the bloodstream |
| internal respiration | gas exchanges between the blood and tissue cells, inside the body |
| inspiration | air flowing into the lungs |
| expiration | air is leaving the lungs |
| diaphragm | respiratory inspiratory muscle |
| external intercostals | inspiratory muscles of the ribcage |
| intrapulmonary volume | the volume within the lungs; when increased, the lungs spread out to fill the larger space |
| expiration | exhalation, largely passive process depending on the natural elasticity of the lungs |
| forced expiration | the depression of the rib cage, forcing air from the lungs |
| intrapleural pressure | always negative, prevents collapse of the lung |
| atelectasis | lung collapse |
| pneumothorax | the presence of air causing the disruption of the fluid bond between the pleura |
| nonrespiratory air movements | result of reflex activity; laughing, crying, a result of emotion |
| tidal volume (TV) | normal, quiet breathing, air moving in and out of the lungs with each breath |
| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | the amount of air that can be taken in forcibly, over the tidal volume |
| expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration |
| residual volume | allows gas exchange to go on continuously even between breaths, keeps the alveoli open; cannot be expelled |
| vital capacity (VC) | the total amount of exchangeable air; the sum of TV + IRV + ERV |
| dead space volume | the air that never reaches the alveoli |
| spirometer | measures the respiratory capacity |
| bronchial sounds | the sounds that can be picked up with a stethoscope |
| vesicular breathing sounds | occur as air fills the alveoli; soft and resembles a muffled breeze |
| oxyhemoglobin | oxygen attaching to hemoglobin molecules inside the RBC |
| bicarbonate ion (HCO3) | are diffused into plasma; conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion takes place inside the RBC |
| carbonic acid (H2CO3) | formed from bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions (H+); splits to form water and carbon dioxide |
| impaired oxygen transport | several causes, can become hypoxia |
| hypoxia | inadequate oxygen intake, causing bluish cast in skin |
| cyanotic (cyanosis) | skin becomes a bluish tint due to inadequate oxygen intake |
| medulla | sets the basic rhythm of breathing, contains the pacemaker or self-exciting inspiratory center |
| eupnea | normal respiratory rate |
| pons | appears to smooth out the basic rhythm of inspiration and expiration set by the medulla |
| hyperpnea | vigorous and deep breathing accompanying exercise |
| non-neural factors | physical, volition (conscious control), emotional, chemical |
| hyperventilation | blows off carbon dioxide and decreases the amount of carbonic acid, returning blood pH to normal range |
| hypoventitation | extremely slow or shallow breathing |
| apnea | cessation of breathing |
| dyspnea | difficult or labored breathing "air hunger" |
| chonic bronchitis | mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severly inflamed and produces excessive amounts of mucous |
| emphysema | alveoli enlarge, chronic inflammation promotes fibrosis of the lungs, airways collapse during expiration and obstruct outflow of air |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| respiratory rate | highest in newborn (40-80 per minute), infant (30 per min), 5 years (25 per min), adult (12-18 per min) |
| asthsma | chronically inflamed hypersensitive bronchial passages that respond to many irritants |
| sleep apnea | occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat temporarily relax; when these muscles relax, airway is narrowed or closed |
