| Question | Answer |
| brain stem | core of brain. Connect hemispheres and spinal cord. |
| Where are the nuclei of cranial nerves located? | brain stem |
| Medulla oblongata | L - Foramen magnum. F - Cardiovascular and respiratory centers. Motor and sensory crossover (decussation) |
| Pons | L - superior to medulla. F - Respiratory center |
| Midbrain | L - superior fo pons. F - auditory and visual reflex centers |
| Diencephalon | thalamaus and hypothalamus |
| Thalamus | superior to midbrain. Beneath corpus collosum. Analyze and relay info to cerebral hemisphere (except smell) |
| hypothalamus | Inferior to thalamus but superior to midbrain. Nuclei control sleep/wake cycle, eating(anorexia), ANS connections with pituitary. "flight, fight, feed, fornicate" |
| Reticular activating system (center) | Neurons in middle of brain stem (thalamus to medulla). Maintains conscious state. Damaged = coma |
| Cerebellum | coordinates movement.. "little brain" |
| basal ganglia | clusters of neurons in the brain. Initiates movement - Adult. Controls movement of newborns. Ex area takes a year to mature = walking |
| Substantia Nigra | pigment in these neurons. Gross movement, nothing fine. Damaged = parkinson's diseae |
| Limbic system | Many parts of brain form. Sex drive, memory. Alzheimer's disease. |
| Tracts/Pathways | bundles of nerves conduct info to brain and spinal cord. |
| Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus | sensory pathway. Origin-Spinal cord, Decussation- Medulla, Destination - (3,1,2) |
| Corticospinal tract | Motor Pathway. Origin (Area 4). Decussation - medulla,Destination - spinal cord.... goes cortex t spinal cord without synapsing |
| Impaired motor function | Damage to either upper motor neuron(cell body in gray matter of cortex, synapse on lower neuron) or lower motor neuron (cell body in brainstem/spinal cordm "synapse" of skeletal muscle fibers) |
| Poliomyelitis | lower-motor neuron leision. Damage to lower motor neurons in ventral gray horn. Usually occurs in lumbar enlargement. Affect lower limb |
| Lower motor neuron leision symptoms | Flaccid paralysis, reflexes absent, muscle atrophy. Muscles supporting vertebral column causes a limp |
| Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) | Stroke. Upper motor neuron leision. Blockage/rupture causes inadequate blood flow (ischemia)... neurons die |
| Upper motor neuron leision symptoms | spastic paralysis. Reflexes intact. Babinski response, toes flare out, big toe up |
| Damage to branches of right middle cerebral artery which supplies precentral gyrus | affect upper limb |
| damage to branches of left anterior cerebral artery which supply postcentral gyrus | affect lower limb |
