| Question | Answer |
| anatomical reference systems | body cavities, body planes, body directions and structural units |
| study of the structure of the body | anatomy |
| study of the functions of the structures of the body | physiology |
| imaginary vertical/horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections | body planes |
| up and down plane that is a right angle to the horizon | vertical |
| divides the body into equal left and right halves | midsagittal plane |
| vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions | sagittal plane |
| verticl plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior planes | frontal plane |
| another name for frontal plane | coronal plane |
| flat crosswire plane | horizonal plane |
| horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions | transverse plane |
| refers to the front, bell side of the body or organ | ventral |
| refers to the back of the organ or body | dorsal |
| situated in the front; front or forward part of an organ | anterior |
| situated in the back, back part of the organ | posterior |
| uppermost, above or toward the head | superior |
| lowermost, below or toward the feet | inferior |
| toward the head | cephalic |
| toward the lower back of the body | caudal |
| situated nearest the midline or beginning of body structure | proximal |
| situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure | distal |
| direction towards or nearer to the midline | medial |
| direction towards or nearer the side and away from the midline | lateral |
| 2 major body cavities | dorsal and ventral |
| 2 portions of the dorsal cavity | cranial and spinal |
| located along the back of the body and head and contains organs of the nervous system | dorsal |
| located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain | cranial cavity |
| located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord | spinal cavity |
| located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that maintain homeostasis | ventral cavity |
| body maintains a constant internal environment | homeostasis |
| surrounds and protects the heart and lungs | thoracic cavity |
| mucle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity | diaphragm |
| contains the major organs of digestion | abdominal cavity |
| space by hip bones and contains organs of the reproductive and excretory system | pelvic cavity |
| refers to the combo of the pelvic and abdominal cavity | abdominopelvic |
| refers to the groin and entire lower area of abdomen | inguinal |
| system tat divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into 9 parts | regions of the thorax and abdomen |
| upper left and right sides of the body and covered by lower ribs | hypochondriac region |
| region located above the stomach | epigastric region |
| located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine | lumbar region |
| pit in the center of abdominal wall marks the point where umbilical cord was attached | umbilical region |
| left and right regions over hip bones | iliac regions |
| region located below the stomach | hypogastric region |
| multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdomen cavity | peritoneum |
| thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity or divides space or organ | membrane |
| outer layer of peritoneum that lines the interior of abdominal wall | parietal peritoneum |
| inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs in abdominal cavity | visceral peritoneum |
| located behind the peritoneum | retroperitoneal |
| inflammation of the peritoneum | peritonitis |
| basic structural and functional units of the body | cells |
| study of anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of a cell | cytology |
| tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment | cell membrane |
| material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus | cytoplasm |
| surrounds by cell membrane, has 2 functions; controls activities of cells and helps cells divide | nucleus |
| unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves fro long period of time by cell division | stem cells |
| another name for adult stem cells | somatic cells |
| undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ | adult stem cells |
| undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult stem cells | embryonic stem cells |
| fundamental physical and functional unit of hereditary | gene |
| study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and roles of genes in healthy and disease | genetics |
| specialist in the field of genetics | geneticist |
| inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit the genetic condition | dominant trait |
| genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell | chromosomes |
| complete set of genetic info of an individual | genome |
| condition that appears only in individuals who received 2 copies of a mutant gene - 1 from each parent | recessive trait |
| any cell in the body except the gametes | somatic cell |
| only type of cell that doesn't contain 46 chromosomes | sex cell |
| packaged in a chromosome as two spiraling strans that twist together to form a double helix | DNA |
| found in the nucleus of all types of cells except erythrocytes (red blood cells) | DNA |
| change in the sequence of a DNA molecule | genetic mutation |
| change within the cells of the body | somatic cell mutation |
| manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes | genetic engineering |
| pathologic condition caused by an absent or defective gene | genetic disorder |
| disorder present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive system | cystic fibrosis |
| disorder associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities and physical appearances | down syndrome |
| hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood clotting factor is missing | hemophilia |
| disorder passed on from parent to child, causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that appear midlife | huntingtons disease |
| group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement | muscular dystrophy |
| genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase | phenylketonuria PKU |
| fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain | tay-sachs |
| group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform specific functions | tissue |
| 4 main types of tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve |
| study of the structure, composition and function of tissues | histology |
| specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels | histologist |
| forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body | epithelial tissue |
| specialized tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and surface layer of mucous membranes | specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymp vessels, body cavities, glands and organs |
| support and connect organs and other body tissue | connective tissue |
| 4 types of connective tissue | dense, adipose, loose, liquid |
| tissue that forms the join and framework of body (bone, cartilage) | dense connective tissue |
| provides protective padding, insulation and support | adipose connective tissue |
| tissue surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels | loose connective tissue |
| tissue that is blood | liquid connective tissue |
| contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses | nerve tissue |
| contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax | muscle tissue |
| defective development of the congenital absence of an organ or tissue | aplasia |
| incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the # of cells | hypoplasia |
| change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other | anaplasia |
| abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or organs | dysplasia |
| enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the # of cells in the tissues | hyperplasia |
| general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size but not in # of cells in tissues | hypertrophy |
| group of specialized epithelial that are capable of producing secretions | gland |
| secrete chemical substance into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of body (sweat glands) | exocrine glands |
| glands that produce hormones, do not have ducts | endocrine glands |
| inflammation of a gland | adenitis |
| malignant tumor that originates in the glandular tissue | adenocarcinoma |
| benign tumor that arises in glandular tissue | adenoma |
| abnormal softening of a gland | adenomalacia |
| any disease condition of the gland | adenosis |
| abnormal hardening of a gland | adenosclerosis |
| surgical removal of a gland | adenectomy |
| independent part of the body that performs a specific functions | organs |
| study of the nature and cause of disease that involves changes in structure and function | pathology |
| study of the causes of diseases | etiology |
| any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects | communicable disease |
| situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface | indirect contact transmission |
| spread of disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood | blood borne transmission |
| occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by cough or sneeze | airborne transmission |
| spread of disease by insect or animal bite | vector borne transmission |
| specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population growth | epidemiologist |
| ongoing presence of a disease within a population group or area | endemic |
| sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area | epidemic |
| outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area | pandemic |
| produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified | functional disorder |
| unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment | iatrogenic illness |
| illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses | infectious diseases |
| disease acquired in a hospital setting | nosocomial infection |
| produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body | organic disorder |
| abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth | congenital disorder |
| results in an anomaly or malformation (absence of limb, extra toe) | developmental disorder |
| congenital absence of a normal opening or failure of structure to be tubular | atresia |
