| Question | Answer |
| The __________ is thought to be the location where domestication first occurred. But, what was learned later? | middle east, but domestication actually took place idependently in a number of places |
| Who was Lucretius (in regards to genetics)? | - De Rerum Natura (Devine Intervention)
- Roman |
| Who was William Harvey (in regards to genetics)? | - he proposed that all living things originate from an egg
- introduced the theory of epigenesis |
| What was the flaw with Darwin's The Origin of the Species ? | it was heavily criticized because there ws nothing regarding genetic mechanisms of variation and inheritance |
| Who said the following, "of the semen, however, I assert that it is secreted by the whole body healthy by healthy parts, sick by sick parts. Hence as a rule, bald-headed begets bald-headed, blue eyed beget blue-eyed" | Hippocrates |
| What is positive eugenics? | encouraging the reproduction of those with beneficial traits
- one of Galton's solutions |
| What were the first traits studied in humans? | polydactyly and Hempphilia |
| Explain Pangenesis | - By Darwin
- Cells of developing organisms can produce gemmules
- Gemmules are carried by blood to reproductive organs where gametes are made
- after fertilization, combined gemmules separate to different parts of the body to develop |
| Why is genetics important? | 1. it unifies the study of biology
2. it has a profound impact on human affairs |
| Describe the classic hemophilia pedigree of Queen Victoria's family. | Victoria's 9 children: 1) Beatrice, carrier, introduced the genes to Spanish royals 2) Alice, carrier, introduced gene to Rus/Prussian royals 3) Leopold, son who died of disease, 4) Edward 7th (brit) who did not inherit it - 10 male descendants affected |
| What is genetics? | the study of heredity in all its manifestations. specifically, genes are the main subject |
| Even though the eugenics movement haulted in 1939, when did it stop? | it continued into the 1970s, specifically for the mentally ill and inprisoned. Eventually, 33 state were accused for compulsory sterilization accounting for 60,000 americans being involuntarily sterilized |
| What is a gemmule? | exact but minute copies of each body part |
| Who was Democritus (in regards to genetics)? | - Nurture vs Plato's (nature) |
| The American Eugenics movement was a model for ______________ | Nazi programs prior and during WWII |
| What is Somatoplasm? | 'discovered' by Weismann (not real) - body tissues that are set aside for functioning of the organism |
| Who was Regnier de Graaf (in regards to genetics)? | - proposed that both sexes transmit agents of heredity
- described small lamps in the ovaries and incorrectly thought he had discovered the mammalian egg
-contributed greatly to the understanding of female mammalian reproductive system (ovulation) |
| When were plants domesticated? | around 8,000 BCE |
| Who was Johann Gregor Mendel? | - priest who worked with garden pea plants
- used his results to propose the Particulate Theory of Inheritance
- presented his work in 1865 to Brunn National History Society I - published Experiments in Plant Hybridization in 1866 |
| Who was Aristotle (in regards to genetics)? | Developed theory of inheritance:
- the male semen was only formed from the blood
- the menstral blood contained the "matter" for offspring
- the "form" controls and shapes the "matter" into the mature offspring |
| What signifigance did the Eugenics movement have on the 20th century? | 1. Compulsory sterilization of 'eugenically-unfit" individuals
2. laws against race mixing
3. Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 |
| What is Hemophilia? | - bleeding disorder mentioned in Talmud where circumcision was not reccomended due to large loss of blood where brothers, maternal uncles, and first cousins on MOTHER's side had the disorder |
| Who said, "More people become able by excercise than by their natural predisposition" | Democritus |
| Who Was Wiliam Bateson? | - english biologist that expanded Mendel's conclusions to animals - coined GENETICS
- Published Mendel's Principles of Heredity: a defency, with translation of Mendel's Hybridisation |
| Who was Jean Baptiste Lamarck (in regards to genetics)? | - proposed the first theory of evolution
- Theory of inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
| Who were the 2 big plant hydridists before Mendel? Why is Mendel known instead? | 1 Joseph Gottlied Kolreuter
2. Karl Friederich Gaertner
- they obtained similar results to Mendel but failed to realize the significance |
| What specifically pushed Lucretius to his way of thinking? | because traits sometimes skipped a generation, he thought that their liquid was still contained in their offspring and it would miss a generation and flow into the next |
| Who was Hippocrates (in regards to genetics)? | - on the seed
- thought that only males determined inheritance |
| What did Francis Galton do? | - examined familial relationships of british hierarchy as well as famous pop-culture people
- believed that many human traits are inherited and thus subjects to selection
- concerned with "differential fertility" of the "genetically-inferior" |
| Who coined the term Eugenics? | Francis Galton in 1883 |
| Who was John Hay? | - studied a family of bleeders from MA
- provided first detailed clinical manifestations of the disease
- confirmed X-linked recessive nature
- formulated first pedigree of the disease of Queen VIctoria |
| Who was August Weismann (in regards to genetics)? | - he disproved theory of pangenesis (darwin) with mice
- proposed Germplams |
| Who was Carl von Linne (in regards to genetics)? | - developed a hierarchial system for classification of plants and animals
- developed the binomial system of nomenclature
- Fixity of species |
| Who was Charles Davenport? | - the US chief advocate for eugenics
- founded Eugenics Records Office
- Hired Harry Laughlin as superintendent |
| Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (in regards to genetics)? | - father of microbio and microscopes
- observed sperms of humans and later mammals
- speculated that the sperm provides the essential life-giving properties and the egg furnishes the environment for nutrition and development
-spermatazoa |
| Who was Plato (in regards to genetics)? | - Nature
- The Republic
- Advocated the selection of spouses to produce children who will develop into bodily and ethically eminent personalities |
| Who is Charles Darwin? | He contradicted Linnaean Fixity of the Species -
3 major claims:
1. variation is a characteristic of animals/plants
2. variation is inherited
3. organisms over-produce to survive
4. favorable variations are more likely to survive and pass down traits |
| Who was John C. Otto? | - provided first accurate account of hemophilia in modern medicla literature
- followed a NH family of 'bleeders'
- described the x-linked recesive inheritance of disorder |
| Spermists belief | the homunculus was found in sperm |
| Who provided the first formal attempt of heredity and variation? | Greek philosophers |
| What was the main achievement of animal/plant domestication? | it allowed humans to transition from the hunter gatherer lifestyle to farm based living. Eventually, settlements and population expansion were on the rise |
| What is the Germplasm Theory of Heredity? | - mutlicellular living organisms are made of 2 types of tissue:
1. Somatoplasm
2. Germplasm |
| What is polydactyly? | - has bible mention
- autosomal trait where one has multiple fingers and toes (usually 6) on each hand/foot
- Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis studied it in a Berlin family |
| How long did it take for Mendel's work to be noticed? Who discovered it? | After 34 years, 3 botanists:
1) Hugo de Vries
2) Carl Correns
3) Erich con Tschermak
all rediscovered Mendel's work |
| What is the fixity of species? | says that living things retain the same form from the moment they appear on the earth |
| What is negative eugenics? | discouraging the reproduction of those with undesirable traits
- one of Galton's solutions |
| Who sas Karl Friederich Gaertner? | he carried out nearly 10,000 crosses involving 700 species of plants over 80 genera |
| What is Germplasm? | 'discovered' by Weismann (not real) - heredity material that is set aside for reproductive purposes associated with the nucleus. There was a continuity of germplasm between generations |
| What is the Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics? | 2 major laws:
1. Change in the environment -> change in needs -> change in behavior -> excess use or disuse of organ or structure -> inc or dec in size of organ or structure
2. all changes of such are inherited
- By JB Lamarck |
| Who was Casper Wolff (in regards to genetics)? | - discredited the Theory of Preformationism (homunculus)
- demonstrated that different adult structures of both animal and plants were not preformed but rather appeared gradually during the course of embryonic development |
| Who was Joseph Gottlied Kolreuter? | - first to perform systematic hybridization experiments in plants
- studied the pollination process and revealed the important of insets to pollination |
| When were animals domesticated? | around 13,000 BCE |
| What is the Theory of Epigenesis? | - all parts of the embryo are present potentially in the egg - the organism evolves by gradual building up and aggregation of these parts |
| What was the issue with the Eugenics movement? | the movement was tainted by bad science with strong prejudices and ended up closing the ERO in 1939 |
| Ovists belief | the homunculus resided in the egg |
| What is the Theory of Preformation? | the organism is contained in one of the sex cells as a fully developed homunculus - with proper nourishment the homunculus unfolds into adult proportions |
| Who was Pythagoras (in regards to genetics)? | speculated that a new individual is formed by a union of male and female vapors from various organs |
