| Question | Answer |
| Pathophysiology | physiology of altered health |
| Pathology | structural and functional changes of the cells, tissues, organs that cause or are caused by disease |
| Morphology | fundamental structure of cells or tissues |
| Etiology | "cause of" |
| Examples of etiologic factors or disease | -biologic (bacteria, virus)
-physical form (trauma, burns)
-chemical agents (medications, chemicals, alcohol)
-nutritional excess or deficiencies
-etiology of "sore throat" (strep)
-etiology of frostbite (exposure to extreme cold) |
| Clinical Manifestations | signs and symptoms of a disease |
| Sign | noted by an observer (rash, ecchymosis, edema, hyperkalemia) |
| Symptom | subjective complaint ("I'm dizzy, "I have a headache") |
| Sequalae | lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease |
| Diagnosis | designation of a disease |
| What does a diagnosis require? | History and physical (H&P), determining risk factors, analyze results of blood work and other diagnostic tests, quality of diagnostic tests |
| Epidemiology | study of disease in populations, explains spread of disease in epidemics, looks for patterns/trends
-how to control, prevent, limit spread of disease or eliminate it |
| Who might use/collect epidemiological information/data? | CDC, FDA |
| Incidence of disease | number of new cases of infection/disease within a population |
| Disease Prevalence | number of active ongoing cases of infection at any given time
-expressed in proportions |
| 1 Endemic
2 Epidemic
3 Pandemic | 1 incidence and prevalence are stable
2 abrupt increase in incidence of disease in a geographical region
3 global spread of specific disease |
| Morbidity | functional effects from a disease |
| Mortality | death from a disease |
| What are the level of prevention | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary |
| Primary (level of prevention) | directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing all risk factors
ex. immunizations |
| Secondary (level of prevention) | detects disease in asymptomatic stage
ex. PAP smear, colonoscopy |
| Tertiary (level of prevention) | clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduce complications of disease
ex. medications |
| Evidence-based practice | improving quality and effectiveness of health care
-conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients
-clinical standards based on evidence-based practices
-keeps pace with latest research |
| Dysplasia | -deranged cell growth, varies in size, shape and architecture compared to healthy cells
-associated with inflammation of precancerous condition
-sequential mutations in proliferating cells (range from mild dysplasia to invasive cancer) |
| Hypertrophy | -increase in the individual cell size; individual cell becomes larger
-results in an enlargement of the functioning tissue mass
-leads to greater energy and metabolic needs
-different from hyperplasia |
| Hyperplasia | - increase in the number of cells in an organ/tissue
-non-malignant
-occurs tissue of cells that're capable of mitotic division (skin, intestines, glandular tissue)
-occurs as response to a hormonal compensatory cellular mechanism (inflammation) |
| 2 examples of hyperplasia | 1 benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate)
2 endometrial hyperplasia - thick uterine lining, too much estrogen |
| Atrophy | -Smaller size of cells due to changes in metabolic requirements or their environment; occurs when environment can’t support metabolic requirements.
-Decrease in cell size or in number of cells, occurs in normally formed organs |
| What is atrophy caused by? | disuse, decreased nerve stimulation (paralysis), decreased hormonal stimulation, inadequate nutrition, decreased blood flow, or aging process. |
| Metaplasia | -Replacement of one cell type with another cell type
-Results in the genetic reprogramming in response to environmental changes
-Usually due to chronic inflammation or irritation
-If stimulus not removed can lead to cancerous changes |
| Neoplasia | -Disorganized uncoordinated and noncontrolled proliferative growth of cells that is likely cancerous
-Includes new growth within an organ/tissue
-Benign growth-well differentiated
-Malignant growth-poorly differentiated-could break off and metastasize |
| Reversible cell injury | cells recover |
| Irreversible | cells die |
| Hypoxia | cell deprived of O2 – interrupts aerobic metabolism and generation of ATP, lactic acid causes cellular pH to fall, resulting in damage or cell death |
| Physical cell injury | trauma, temperature changes, burns, |
| Chemical cell injury | tobacco, corrosive substances |
| Biological cell injury | viral DNA becomes incorporated into cellular DNA, bacteria interfere with ATP production, increase cellular permeability |
| Apoptosis | -Genetically programmed degenerative change in a cell leading to its death (supposed to happen)
-No adverse effect to the body
-Occurs during growth and development of the organism, as a part of normal cell aging, or as a response to cellular injury |
| Necrosis | -Cellular death due to stressors or insults that overwhelm the cell’s ability to survive
-Due to lack of perfusion from oxygen |
| What is necrosis characterized by? | -Characterized by irreversible cellular swelling, rupture of cell membranes, and inflammation
-Enzymes released into systemic circulation and can be measured to confirm cellular death |
