| Question | Answer |
| gliding | movement of relatively flat bone surfaces back-and-forth and from side-to-side over one another; little change in the angle between bones |
| angular movements | increase or decrease in the angle between bones |
| types of angular movements | flexion, lateral flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
| flexion | decrease in the angle between articulating bones, usually in the sagittal plane |
| lateral flexion | movement of the trunk within the frontal plane [e.g., leaning sideways to touch the side of the calf] |
| extension | increase in the angle between articulating bones, usually in the sagittal plane |
| hyperextension | extension beyond the anatomical position |
| abduction | movement of a bone away from the midline, usually in the frontal plane [e.g., raising arms so that they're perpendicular to the trunk] |
| adduction | movement of a bone toward the midline, usually in the frontal plane |
| circumduction | flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession, in which the distal end of a body part moves in a circle |
| rotation | movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis; in the limbs, it may be medial (toward the midline) or lateral (away from the midline) |
| special movements | occur at specific joints |
| elevation | superior movement of a body part |
| depression | inferior movement of a body part |
| protraction | anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane [e.g., jutting the lower jaw forward] |
| retraction | posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane |
| eversion | lateral movement of the sole so that it faces away from the other foot |
| inversion | medial movement of the sole so that it faces the other foot |
| dorsiflexion | bending the foot in the direction of the dorsum (superior surface) |
| plantar flexion | bending the foot in the direction of the plantar surface (sole) |
| supination | movement of the forearm that turns the palm anteriorly |
| pronation | movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly |
| opposition | movement of the thumb across the palm to touch fingertips on the same hand |
| articular menisci | in certain joints, pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones || EX/medial and lateral ---- of the knee |
| articular cartilage | covers the articular surfaces of the bones at a synovial joint |
| synovial fluid | L/within the synovial cavities of synovial joints || A/resembles uncooked egg white || F/reducing friction by lubricating the joint, absorbing shocks, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes within the articular cartilage |
| bursae | small saclike structures strategically situated to alleviate friction in some joints || EX/shoulder and knee joints |
| bursitis | the inflammation of one or more bursae; often caused by repetitive activity |
| rheumatoid arthritis | an autoimmune disorder; much rarer than osteoarthritis; synovial membrane thickens into a pannus; often leads to ankylosis [the fusion of the ends of articulating bones] |
| osteoarthritis | "wear-and-tear arthritis" || affects approx 85% of U.S. population || sometimes results in bone spurs |
| arthritis | broad term for a group of conditions that involve damage to joints |
| dislocation | the displacement or misalignment of bones in a joint || often caused by a sudden impact |
| sprain | an injury to ligaments caused by their being stretched beyond normal capacity and possibly torn |
| strain | the tearing of muscle fibers as a result of overstretching || aka "pulled muscle" |
