| Gland | Disease | Definiton | Note | Symptom | Treatment |
| Thyroid | Hyperthyroidism | Condition in which the thyroid gland secretes too much T3 and T4. | • Caused by a nodule in the thyroid gland or an adenoma in the
anterior pituitary gland.
• Most common form is Graves disease - antibodies that stimulate TSH receptors on the thyroid gland and lead to increased production of T3 and T4. | • Symptoms include tremors, tachycardia, palpitations,
restlessness, nervousness, diarrhea, insomnia, fatigue, weight
loss, goiter, dry eyes, and slow eyelid closing. | • Treatment involves antithyroid drugs and/or thyroidectomy
followed by radiation therapy or administration of radioactive
iodine. |
| Thyroid | Goiter (thyromegaly) | Chronic, progressive enlargement of the thyroid gland; | • caused by thyroid cancer, chronic inflammation of
the thyroid gland/lack of iodine.
•too little iodine in diet, thyroid gland enlarges to
help it capture more iodine; the result is known as a simple goiter, nontoxic goiter, or endemic goiter. | | |
| Thyroid | Adenomatous goiters or nodular goiters | | are caused by (usually benign) growths in the thyroid gland. | | |
| Thyroid | A multinodular goiter | | involves many nodules. | | |
| Thyroid | Hypothyroidism | Condition in which the thyroid gland secretes too little T3 and T4. | • Usually caused by iodine deficiency.
• May result from a congenital defect or Hashimoto thyroiditis
(an autoimmune disorder in which the body makes anti-thyroid
antibodies). | • Symptoms include fatigue, low body temperature, dry hair and skin,
constipation, and weight gain.
• Severe cases- myxedema, tingling in hands and feet, lack of menstruation, hair loss, enlarged heart and tongue, slow speech,
and mental impairment. | |
| Thyroid | Thyroid
carcinoma | Cancerous or malignant tumor of the thyroid gland. | • Causes enlargement of the thyroid gland with hoarseness and neck
pain.
• Usually slow growing and has a high cure rate. | | |
| Parathyroid | Hyperparathyroidism | Condition in which hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone
moves too much calcium from the bones into the blood. | • Movement of calcium causes hypercalcemia and bone
fragility. | • Other symptoms include muscle weakness, fatigue,
depression, and kidney stones. | |
| Parathyroid | Hypoparathyroidism | Condition in which hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone
leads to hypocalcemia. | • Usually caused by accidental removal of the parathyroid
glands during thyroidectomy. | • Symptoms include nerve irritability, skeletal muscle
cramps, and spasms. | |
