discrimination that is the result not of law but rather of tradition and habit
grandfather clauses
provisions exempting from voting restrictions the descendants of those able to vote in 1867
busing
achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries
strict scrutiny
a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that make a suspect classification
English-only movement
efforts to make English the official language of the US
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
an interest group founded in 1910 to promote civil rights for African Americans
black codes
a series of laws in the post-Civil War South designed to restrict the rights of former slaves before the passage of the 14th and 15th amendments
minimum rationality test
standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a non-suspect classification
de jure discrimination
discrimination arising from or supported by the law
Jim Crow laws
southern laws designed to circumvent the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments and to deny blacks rights on basis other than race