a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that make a suspect classification
Jim Crow laws
southern laws designed to circumvent the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments and to deny blacks rights on basis other than race
black codes
a series of laws in the post-Civil War South designed to restrict the rights of former slaves before the passage of the 14th and 15th amendments
grandfather clauses
provisions exempting from voting restrictions the descendants of those able to vote in 1867
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
an interest group founded in 1910 to promote civil rights for African Americans
racism
institutionalized power inequalities in society based on the perception of racial differences
intermediate standard of review
standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a quasi-suspect classification
Reconstruction
the period following the Civil War during which the federal government took action to rebuild the South
boycott
refusal to buy certain goods or services as a way to protest policy or force political reform
minimum rationality test
standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a non-suspect classification