AP Gov't Chapter 6
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| civil rights | citizenship rights guaranteed to the people primarily in the 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, and 26th amendments and protected by the government
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| suspect classification | classification, such as race, for which any discriminatory law must be justified by a compelling state interest.
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| strict scrutiny | a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that make a suspect classification
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| intermediate standard of review | standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a quasi-suspect classification
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| minimum rationality test | standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a non-suspect classification
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| racism | institutionalized power inequalities in society based on the perception of racial differences
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| black codes | a series of laws in the post-Civil War South designed to restrict the rights of former slaves before the passage of the 14th and 15th amendments
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| Reconstruction | the period following the Civil War during which the federal government took action to rebuild the South
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| poll taxes | taxes levied as a qualification for voting
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| literacy tests | tests requiring reading or comprehension skills as a qualification of voting
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| grandfather clauses | provisions exempting from voting restrictions the descendants of those able to vote in 1867
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| Jim Crow laws | southern laws designed to circumvent the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments and to deny blacks rights on basis other than race
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| segregation | the practice and policy of separating races
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| Plessy v. Ferguson | Supreme Court case that established the constitutionality of the principle "separate by equal"
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| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) | an interest group founded in 1910 to promote civil rights for African Americans
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| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | Supreme Court case that rejected the idea that separate could be equal in education, catalyst for civil rights movement
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| boycott | refusal to buy certain goods or services as a way to protest policy or force political reform
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| de jure discrimination | discrimination arising from or supported by the law
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| de facto discrimination | discrimination that is the result not of law but rather of tradition and habit
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| busing | achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries
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| affirmative action | a policy of creating opportunities for members of certain groups as a substantive remedy for past discrimination
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| Equal Rights Amendment | constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
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| sexual harassment | unwelcome sexual speech or behavior that creates a hostile work environment
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| English-only movement | efforts to make English the official language of the US
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