Question | Answer |
the alimentary canal conatains the | GI tract or gastrointestinal tract |
structures of the alimentary canal include the | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intesting, rectum, anal canal and anus |
accessory digestive organs include the | teeth, gallbladder, and various large digetive glands such as the salivary glands, liver and pancreas |
the accessory digestive organs lie | external to and connect the GI tract via ducts |
6 essential activites of digestive processes include | ingestion, mechanical digestion, propulsion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation |
mechanical digestion | chewing, churning, segmentation |
propulsion is movement of | food through the GI tract |
peristalsis: alternate waves of | contraction and relaxation of musculature in the organ walls |
chemical digestion involves | enzymes secreted by digestive glands into the lumen of the GI tract |
absorption is the transportation of | digested end products from lumen to blood and lymph caps |
peritoneum is the...membrane in the...which has a... | serous...abdominopelvic cavity...parietal layer and a visceral layer |
peritoneal cavity contains...which decreases... | serous fluid...friction as the organs move |
four tissue layers of the walls of GI tract (lumen outward) | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
mucosa has three sublayers | epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa |
epithelial lining of mucosa absorbs | nutrients and secretes mucous |
lamina propria is made of...whose capillaries... | loose areolar or reticular CT...nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients |
lamina propria contains | MALT |
muscularis mucosae is a...that produces... | thin layer of smooth muscle...local movements of the mucosa |
submucosa is the layer of...containing... | CT...major blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers |
submucosa is the...between the... | intermediate...loose areolar and dense irregular CT |
muscularis externa is comprised of | two layers of smooth muscle, which is responsible for perstalsis and segmentation |
circular muscle layer is the...layer whose muscle fibiers orient around the... | inner...circumference of the canal and squeezes the alimentary tube |
longtiduinal muscle layer is the...layer whose fibers orient along the...and thus..the alimentary tube | outer...lenght..lengthens |
serosa is also the | visceral peritoneum |
serosa contains...on the outside and...on the inside | simple squamous epithelium...areolar CT |
parts of the GT tract not associated with the peritoneal cavity lack a..and have an... | serosa...adventitia (ordinary fibrous CT) |
nerve plexuses are networks of | nerve fibers present in the tissue layers of the alimentary canal wall |
myenteric nerve plexus innervates | muscularis externa between the circular and longitudinal layers |
myenteric nerve plex controls | peristalsis and segmentation |
submucosal nerve plexus extends | inward and lies within the submucosa |
submucosal nerve plex signals the | glands in the mucosa to secrete and the muscularis mucosa to contract |
the mouth is...lined | mucous |
regions/structures of the mouth | vestibule, oral cavity proper, lips, cheeks, hard palate, and soft palate |
the mouth has internal | mucosa of epithelium and lamina propria only |
the mouth has thin | submucosa |
the mouth has an external layer of | muscle or bone |
lining of the mouth | thick stratified squamous epithelium |
the tongue is a...constructed of... | muscle..interlacing fascicles of skeletal muscle fibers |
intrinsic muscles of the tongue change the | shape of the tongue but not its position |
extrinsic muscles of the tongue alter the | position of the tongue |
the salivary glands compound | tubuloalveolar glands |
the salivary glands' secretory cells are...(that produce...) and ...cells(produce...) | serous cells (water secretion containing enzymes and ions of saliva)...mucous cells (mucus) |
salivary glands ...mouth and...food | moisten...wets or moistens |
salivary glands dissolves | food chemicals so that they can be tasted |
salivary glands bind | food together into a bolus |
salivary gland enzymes begin | digestion of starches |
bicarbonate buffer in saliva | neutralizes acids produced by oral bacteria |
saliva also contains | bactericidal enzymes, antiviral substances, antibodies and a cynadie compound |
small intrinsic salivary glands are scattered with the | mucosa of the tongue, palate, lips and cheeks |
saliva from the small intrinsic salivary glands keep | mouth moist at all times |
extrinsic salivary glands lie | external to the mouth but connect to it via ducts |
ex. salivary glands secrete | saliva only during eating or in anticipation of a meal |
parotid gland is the | largest salivary gland |
parotid gland lies | anterior to the ear |
parotid duct opens into the | mouth |
submandibular gland has a duct that opens | directly lateral to the tongue |
sublingual gland has...that open into the | 10-12 ducts...mouth directly superior to the gland |
the theeth lie in | sockets (alveoli) in the gum-covered margins of the mandible and maxilla |
mastication | tears and grinds the food, breaking it into smaller fragments |
the crown on a tooth is the | exposed portion covered by 2.5 mm of enamel |
the root of the tooth is located in the | sockets |
the pharynx contains the | oropharyns and laryngopharynx |
pharynx is the passageway for | food, fluids and inhaled air |
pharyngeal constrictors are | skeletal muscles |
the esophagus is a...tube that... | muscular...propels swallowed food to the stomach |
esophagus has all | four tissue layers of the alimentary canal |
the esophagus begins as a continuation of the... in the..region and descends through the...on the...and passes through the... | pharynx...mid-neck...thorax...anterior surface of the vertebral column...esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm to enter the abdomen |
cardiac orifice is the junction at which | the esophagus joins the stomach |
a cardiac sphincter acts to | close off the lumen and prevent regurgitation of acidic stomach juices into the esophagus |
what lines the junction of the esophagus and the stomach | non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
the 1/3-1/3-1/3 rule of the esophageal muscles involves the...which consists of... | muscularis external layer...skeletal muscle in the superior 1/3 of esophagus, a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle in the middle 1/3, and smooth muscle in the inferior 1/3 |
the stomach is the..shaped...part of the GI tract | j...widest |
the stomach is the temporary..in which... | storage tank..food is churned and turned into a past called chyme |
what is secreted into the stomach to start the breakdown of food proteins | pepsinn and HCl |
the stomach lies in the...of the peritoneal cavity; left...,...and... regions of the abdomen, directly inferior to the...and anterior to the... | superior left...hypochondriac, epigastric...umbilical...to diaphragm..spleen and pancreas |
the cardiac region is the...shaped zone encircling... | ring...cardiac orifice |
the fundus is the stomach's | dome tucked under the diaphragm |
the body of the stomach is the | large middle portion of the stomach |
the pyloric region of the stomach is..shaped and contains the pyloric... | funnel...antrum and canal |
pylorus is the...of the stomach | terminus |
pyloric sphincter controls every | entry of chyme into the intestine |
greater curvature is the... | convex left surface of the stomach, which opens into the greater omentum |
lesser curvature is the | concave right margin of the stomach which opens into the lesser omentum |
rugae of mucosa has numerous...on internal surface of...which... | longitudinal folds...empty stomach...flattens as the stomach fills |
oblique layer of the muscularis externa is only present in the...more specifically... | walls of the stomach...deep to the circular layer of the muscularis externa |
the lining epithelium of the stomach is comprised of | simple columnar cells |
the epithelial layer contains | increased amounts of goblet cells which secrete bicarbonate buffered mucus that protects the stomach wall from pepsin and HCl |
the small intestine is the | longest part of the GI tract |
the small intestine is the site of most | enzymatic digestion and virtually all absorption of nutrients |
the three subdivisions of the small intestine are the | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
duodenum makes up ...of the SI length | 5% |
duodemun receives...from the...via the | digestive enzymes...pancreas...pancreatic duct |
duodenum also receives...from the...via the... | biles...liver and gallbladder...bile duct |
the main pancreatic duct and bile duct join to form the | hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter in the small intestine |
the ampulla opens into the | duodenum at the major duodenal papilla |
the jejunum makes up... of the SI | 40% (superior left) |
the ileum makes up... | 55% (inferior right) |
the....are structural modifications of the wall of the SI that... | plicae circulares, villi, microvilli...amplify its absorptive surface |
the circular folds or plicae circulares are permanent...of the... | transverse ridges...mucosa and submucosa |
plicae circulares increases the | surface area |
the folds of the plicae circulares force the...to spiral through the...to increase... | chyme...lumen..absorption time |
villi are the...projects of the mucosa | finger-like |
villi are covered by a...made up primarily of...specialized... | simple columnar epithelium...absorptive cells...absorbing digested nutrients |
villi allow digest...to enter the... | fats..lacteals |
through the villi, all end products of...enter the... | nutrient digestion...blood capillaries |
microvilli are found on... | apical surfaces of the absorptive cells |
microvilli increase | absortive surfaces |
microvilli have plasma membranes that contains | enzymes that complete the final stages of breakdown of nutrient molecules |
all typical layers of the...occur in the... | GI tract...SI |
the lining epithelium occurs on the | villi and the surface between the villi |
absorptive cells contain | high number of mitochondria, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells |
intestinal cryps are | mucosa tubes between the villi |
epithelial cells lining the crypts secrete...which is a... | intestinal juice...watery liquid that mixes with chyme in the intestinal lumen |
inner epithelia are completely...due to the... | renewed every 3-6 days...destructive effects of the digestive enzymes |
the last major organ of the GI tract is the | large intestine |
the material that reaches the large intestine is largely..that contains few... | digested residue...nutrients |
residue remains in the LI for | 12-24 hours |
little additional...of food occurs in the LI | breakdown |
main function of the LI is to | absorb water and electrolytes from the digested mass resulting in semisolid feces |
propulsion is...; mass...movements | sluggish and weak...peristalic |
teniae coli in the LI consist of | three longitudinal strips, spaced at equal intervals around the circumfrance of the cecum and colon |
teniae coli function in | maintaining the mucle tone and providing support |
teniae coli, as a result, cause the LI to | pucker in sacs |
haustra are | sacs formed by teniae coli |
epiploic appendages are...filled pouches of... | fat...visceral peritoneum hanging from the LI |
the epiploic appendages have...functions | unknown |
the cecum is located in the | right iliac fossa |
the cecum forms the junction at which the | ileum of the small intestine opens into the large intestine |
ileocecal valve controls | chyme entering the LI |
vermiform appendix is the...tube that opens into the... | blind...posteromedial wall of the cecum |
the vermiform appendix contains | large masses of lymphoid tissue in its wall |
the vermiform appendix probably functions in | gathering antigens and neutralizing harmful pathogens |
colon has distinct..including the... | segments...ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon |
the ascending colon is the...at the level of the... | right colic flexure...right kidney |
transverse colon is the...directly anterior to the... | left colic flexure...spleen |
sigmoid colon is...shaped | s |
rectum has no | tenia coli |
rectum's longitudinal muscle layer is | complete and well developed |
anal canal is...long and includes the... | 3 cm...external anal sphincter |
villia are absent in the | LI |
at the microscopic level, the intestinal crypts of the LI are | present |
goblet cells are more...for increased... | abundant...mucous secretion |
absorptive cells of the LI take in | water and electrolytes |
the liver is the | largest gland in the body |
the liver produces | bile to break down fats in the SI |
the liver's metabolic functions are carried out by | hepatocytes or liver cells |
the liver picks up | glucose from blood returning from GI tract and stores in glycogen |
the liver processes | fats and amino acids |
the liver stores | certain vitamins |
the liver detoxifies many | poisons and drugs in the blood |
the liver makes the | blood proteins |
the liver has two hepatic surfaces including the | diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces |
the diaphragmatic surface makes up the...surfaces of the liver which directly and indirectly contact the... | superior, anterior, and posterior...diaphragm |
the visceral surface of the liver is the.. | inferior surface |
the bare area of the liver is fused to the | diaphragm and devoid of peritoneum |
the four lobes of the liver are divided by the | falciform ligament and the fissure |
the four lobes of the liver are the | right and left, caudate and quadrate lobes |
the falciform ligament is the...on the... | ventral mesentary...diaphragmatic surface |
the fissure is on the...and marks the... | ventral surface...division between the right and left lobes |
on the posterior surface of the liver, the impression left by the....marks the... | IVC...division between the right lobe and the small caudate lobe |
the quadrate lobe lies...sandwhiched between the... | inferior to the caudate lobe...left lobe and the gallbladder |
porta hepatis is the...to the liver where most of the major vessels and neves... | gateway...enter and leave the liver |
the right and left hepatic ducts contain...and exit the porta hepatis and fuse to form the... | bile...common hepatic duct |
the liver microscopically contains...which are the basic... | lobule..functional unit of the liver |
there are...lobules in the liver | millions |
lobules have | hexagonal solid structures |
the liver consists of plates of | liver cells radiating out from a central vcein |
...exist in each liver lobule | six portal triads |
the central veins of each lobule ultimately merge to form the | right and left hepatic veins which drain blood from the liver andreturn it to the systemic ciruit via the IVC |
the portal is located at almost | every corner of the six sided liver lobule and consists of branches of three main vessels |
the portal consists of | a portal ateriole, portal venule and the bile duct |
the portal arteriole is a branch of the | hepatic artery proper |
the portal venule is a branch of the | hepatic portal vein |
the bile duct is a branch of the | hepatic bile duct |
the bile canaliculi carry..to the..that lead to the.. | bile..bile ductules...portal triads |
the bile ducts from each lobule unite to form the... | right and left hepatic ducts |
arterial blood supplies | hepatocytes with oxygen |
venous blood delivers substances from the | intestines, for processing by the hepatoctyes |
the kupffer cells are..shaped cells found inside the... which... | star...sinusoids...destroy bacteral and other foreign particles in the blood |
the gallbladder is a muscular sac in a... | shallow depression on the visceral surface of the liver |
the gallbladder is divided into three regions incluidng the | fundus, body and neck |
the gallbladder stores and concentrates | bile that is produced by the liver |
honeycomb pattern of | mucosal foldings internally enables expansion |
the cystic duct of the gallbladder leads from the..toward the... | gallbladder...porta hepatis |
the cystic duct joins the...to form the...which empties into the... | common hepatic duct...common bile duct...duodenum |
at the duodenum, a muscular...surrounds the lumen of the common bile duct and the... | hepatopancreate sphincter...duodenal ampulla |
the duodenal ampulla opens into the...at the...which is a small.. | duodenum....hepatoduodenal papilla...raised projection |
the concentration of the hepatopancreatic sphincter seals off the | passageway and prevents bile from entering the small intestine |
the pancreas has both | exocrine and endocrine functions |
pancreas' exocrine function produces most of the | digestive enzymes and buffers in the SI |
pancreas' endocrine function produces | hormones that regulate the levels of sugar in the blood (insulin and glucagon) |
the pancreas is..shaped with three regions... | tadpole...head, body and tail |
the head of the pancreas is ...and lies within the... | broad...loop formed by the duodenum as it leaves the pylorus |
the body of the pancreas is ...and extends... | slender...toward the spleen |
the tail of the pancreas is...and... | short...bluntly rounded |
the main pancreatic duct extends through the | length of the pancreas |
the main pancreatic duct joins the...to form the... | bile duct...hepatopancreatic ampulla which empties into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla |
accessory pancreatic duct lies in the...and drains into the... | head of the pancreas...duodenum at a separate papilla, the lesser duodenal papilla |
the pancreatic arteris and pancreaticduodenal arteris are major branches from the...whose branches through which arterial blood reaches the... | splenic, superior mesenteric, and common hepatic arteries...pancreas |
the splenic vein and its branches... | drain the pancreas |
partition of...divide the pancreatic tissue into.. | CT...lobules |
the pancreas is a compound | tubuloacinar gland |
the pancreatic acini; within each.. the ducts branch... | lobule...repeatedly before ending in these blind pockets |
the pancreatic acini are lined with | simple cuboidal epithelium |
the pancreatic acini secrete...into the... | pancreatic juices (mixture of water, ions, and pancreatic digestive enzymes)...duodenum |
the pancreatic enzymes in the...do most of the...by... | pancreatic juices...digestive work in the SI...breaking down ingested materials into small molecules suitable for absorption |
the pancreatic ducts secrete...in a...which is important in... | buffers (primarily sodium bicarbonate)...water solution...the acid in chyme and stabilizing the pH of the intestinal contents |
pancreatic islets are | scattered between the acini |
islets account for only..of the cellular population ofthe pancreas | 1% |
the islets perform the...of the pancrease by... | endocrine function...producing the hormones insulin and glucagon |
the mesenteries are...sheets of...that connect ... | double-layerd...peritoneum...peritoneal organs to the dorsal and ventral body wall |
the mesenteries suppor the | abdominal digesitve organs |
the messenteries also store | fat and carry blood vessels and nerves |
visceral organs that lack a mesentery and are fused to the posterior body wall are called | retroperitoneal organs |
ventral mesenteries include the | falciform ligament and the lesser omentum |
falciform ligament is in the..and binds the... | liver..anterior aspect of the liver to anterior abdominal wall and the diaphragm |
lesser omentum is in the..and exxtends from the... | liver..fissure of the liver and porta hepatis to the lesser curvature of the stomach |
dorsal mesenteries include the | greater omentum, mesentary proper, transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon, and lesser omentum |
the greater omentum is in the..and connects the | stomach...greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall in a roundabout way |
the greater omentum extends | inferiorly to cover the transverse colon and the coils of the SI like a butterfly net |
the mesentery proper is in the | ileum and jejunum |
the transverse mesocolon is in the | transverse colon |
the sigmoid mesocolon is in the | sigmoid colon |
the lesser omentum is on the | ventral surface of the liver |