Question | Answer |
What are the five bones of the cranium? | Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and sphenoid. |
Which bones of the cranium are paired? | Parietal and temporal. |
Which bones of the cranium are unpaired? | Frontal, occipital, and sphenoid. |
What are the four facial bones? | Zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, and palatine. |
Which facial bones are paired? | Zygomatic, maxilla, and palatine. |
Which facial bone is unpaired? | Mandible. |
What are the three ligaments of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)? | Temporomandibular, stylomandibular, and sphenomandibular. |
What are the three directions of movement possible for the temporomandibular joint? | Upward and downward, side to side, and backward and forward. |
Name the three muscles of the pharynx. | Stylopharyngeus, middle constrictor, and inferior constrictor. |
What is the function of the stylopharyngeus? | Pulls the pharyngeal tube upward and draws the lateral wall of the pharynx toward the side. |
What is the function of the middle constrictor? | Pulls middle part of posterior pharyngeal wall forward and lateral walls inward. |
What is the function of the inferior constrictor? | Pulls lower part of posterior pharyngeal wall forward and draws sidewalls inward. |
Name the seven muscles that operate on the mandible. | Masseter, Temporalis, Internal Pterygoid, External Pterygoid, Digastric, Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid. |
What is the function of the masseter? | Elevates mandible (closes mouth). |
What is the function of the temporalis? | Elevates mandible. |
What is the function of the internal (medial) pterygoid? | Elevates mandible and protrudes mandible. |
What is the function of the external (lateral) pterygoid? | Depresses mandible (opens mouth), protrudes mandible, and moves mandible laterally. |
What is the function of the digastric? | Contraction pulls upward on the hyoid bone or downward on the mandible, depresses jaw. |
What is the function of the mylohyoid? | With the hyoid fixed, contraction will lower the mandible. |
What is the function of the geniohyoid? | Lowers the mandible. |
What is the buccal cavity? | Small space between the gums/teeth and lips or cheek. |
Why is the tongue referred to as a muscular hydrostat? | It maintains a constant volume as the muscles contract and provides own skeletal support. |
Name the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue. | Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, and vertical. |
What is the function of the superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue? | Moves tip and sides of tongue upward and shortens tongue. |
What is the function of the inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue? | Moves tip of tongue downward and shortens tongue. |
What is the function of the transverse muscle of the tongue? | Narrows and elongates the tongue. |
What is the function of the vertical muscle of the tongue? | Flatten/broaden tongue; transverse and vertical muscles work together to protrude the tongue. |
Name the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue. | Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Palatoglossus, Styloglossus. |
What is the function of the genioglossus? | Protrudes tongue and depresses tongue. |
What is the function of the hyoglossus? | Depresses tongue and retracts tongue. |
Name the five categories of lip muscle functions. | Sphincter, Transverse, Angular, Vertical, and Cervical. |
Describe the sphincter category of the lip. | Circular fibers that provides constriction of a part of passageway and relaxes to allow passage. |
Describe the transverse category of the lip. | Course horizontally from origin and insert into obicularis oris. |
Describe the angular category of the lip. | Approach corners of mouth obliquely from above or below. |
Describe the vertical category of the lip. | Enter corners of mouth from directly above or below. |
Describe the cervical category of the lip. | Originates from cervical vertebral area. |
Which muscle is in the sphincter category? | Obicularis oris. |
What is the function of the obicularis oris? | Closes mouth and puckers lips. |
Which muscles are in the transverse category? | Buccinator and risorius. |
What is the function of the buccinator? | Compress lips and cheeks against teeth and draws mouth corner laterally. |
What is the function of the risorius? | Pulls corner of mouth backward and toward the side. |
Which muscles are in the angular category? | Zygomatic major, zygomatic minor, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris aleque nasi, and depressor labii inferioris. |
What is the function of the zygomatic major? | Draws mouth angle superiorly and laterally (broad smile). |
What is the function of the zygomatic minor? | Elevates upper lip and pulls corner of mouth upward. |
What is the function of the levator labii superioris? | Elevates upper lip and outward turning of upper lip. |
What is the function of the levator labii superioris aleque nasi? | Elevates upper lip and dilates nostril. |
What is the function of the depressor labii inferioris? | Pulls lower lip downward and may turn lower lip outward. |
Which muscles are in the vertical category? | Mentalis, levator anguli oris, depressor anguli oris. |
What is the function of the mentalis? | Upward displacement of soft tissue of chin, forces lower lip against alveolar process of mandible. |
What is the function of the levator anguli oris? | Pulls corner of mouth upward; can also elevate lower lip against upper lip to assist forcing lips together. |
What is the function of the depressor anguli oris? | Forces lips together by pulling upper lip downward against lower lip. |
Which muscle is in the cervical category? | Platysma. |
What is the function of the platysma? | Pulls skin of the neck towards the mandible; also pulls the lower lip downward. |
Which three cranial nerves innervate the pharyngeal muscles? | Glossopharyngeal (9), Vagus (10), and Accessory (11). |
Which two cranial nerves innervate the mandible? | Trigeminal (5) and Hypoglossal (12) |
Which two cranial nerves innervate the tongue muscles? | Accessory (11) and Hypoglossal (12) |
Which two cranial nerves innervate the lip muscles? | Trigeminal (5) and Facial (7) |
Which cranial nerves carry sensory information from the pharynx? | Trigeminal (5), Facial (7), Glossopharyngeal (9), and Vagus (10) |
Which cranial nerves carry sensory information from the mandible? | Trigeminal (5) and Hypoglossal (12) |
Which cranial nerves carry sensory information from the tongue? | Trigeminal (5), Facial (7), Glossopharyngeal (9), and Vagus (10) |
Which cranial nerves carry sensory information from the lips? | Trigeminal (5) and Facial (7) |
Name five types of sensory information about the speech production muscles carried out by the cranial nerves. | Muscle length, rate of change of muscle length, muscle tension, joint position and movement, touch, surface pressure, deep pressure, surface deformation, temperature, vibration, hair deflection. |
What are four techniques that can be used to record the movement of speech articulators? | X-ray motion picture (videofluoroscopy), Ultrasound, MRI, Electropalatography, and fleshpoint tracking systems. |
What is a technique that measure tongue-palate contact? | Electropalatography. |
In general, what does "flesh point tracking" refer to? | Strain gauge, 3D motion capture, articulography. |
What are the advantages of flesh point tracking systems for studying speech production? | High temporal (time) resolution, safe. |
What are the disadvantages of flesh point tracking systems for studying speech production? | Sparse spatial resolution, captures information about the oral cavity only. |
What are the advantages of ultrasound systems for studying speech production? | Safe, convenient, portable. |
What are the disadvantages of ultrasound systems for studying speech production? | Typically only useful for imaging tongue surface; grainy images. |
What are the advantages of MRI for studying speech production? | Relatively high quality images and safe. |
What are the disadvantages of MRI for studying speech production? | Takes a long time, not for claustrophobic people, large. |
Which two tongue muscles are activated when producing the vowel /i/? | Genioglossus (anterior) and genioglossus (posterior). |
Which two tongue muscles are activated when producing the vowel /a/? | Hyoglossus and styloglossus. |
Which two tongue muscles are activated when producing the vowel /u/? | Genioglossus (posterior) and styloglossus. |
Which two tongue muscles are activated when producing the vowel /æ/? | Hyoglossus and genioglossus (anterior). |