question | answer |
Chemical energy | formed in bonds of chemical substance |
Mechanical Energy | directly involved in moving matter |
Electrical Energy | results from movement of charged particles |
Radiant or electromagnetic energy | exhibits wavelike properties (Ultraviolet, X-rays, visual light) |
Kinetic energy | energy in action; kinetic energy is seen in constant movement of the tiniest particles of matter |
Potential energy | Is stored energy which has the potential to do work but is not presently doing so. |
Protons charge & amu | Protons have a positive charge & 1 amu |
Neutrons | Neutrons have no charge/ neutral charge and 1 amu |
Electrons | electrons have a negative charge and 0 amu |
atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus |
atomic mass | sum of protons and neutrons |
isotopes | structural variations of elements that differ in number of neutrons they contain |
Ionic bond | formed by the transfer of valence shell electrons between atoms |
polar covalent bond | is a bond between two non metals with different electrnegativities |
Non polar covalent bond | the two atoms sharing electrons, share them equally |
Hydrogen bond | they form when an hydrogen atom already covalently linked to one electronegative atom is attracted by another electron-hungry atom, so that a “bridge” forms between them. |
synthesis reaction | when atoms or molecules are combined to form a larger more complex molecule A+B=AB |
Decomposition reaction | occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, bonds are broken AB=A+B |
Exchange reaction | involve both synthesis and decomposition; bonds are both broken and made AB+C → AC+B |
Properties of water | 1. high heat capacity-absorbs &releases heat with little temp. change and prevents sudden changes in temp.
2. high heat of vaporization-useful cooling mechanism
3. polar solvent properties
4. Reactivity- necessary in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesi |
Salts | ionic compound that dissociates in wate, contains cation and anions other than H+ and OH-
ions conduct electrical currents in solution |
acids | have sour taste,can react with many metals, an acid is a substance that releases Hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts. |
base | has bitter taste, slippery,and are proton acceptors- that is they take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts. Bases= OH- |
buffers | a mixture of compounds that resist pH changes they convert strong acids or bases into weak ones |
carbohydrates; building blocks and examples | monosaccarides (simple sugars)
examples: sugars & starches major source of cellular fuel |
Lipids; building blocks & examples | triglycerides
Examples: fatty acids & glycerol |
Proteins; building blocks & examples | amino acids
examples: glycine, alanine |
Nucleic acid; building blocks & examples | Nucleotides
examples: cytosine, adenine, guanine |
Fibrous proteins | structural, strandlike, water insoluble and stable
ex: Elastin & collagen |
globular proteins | functional, spherical, water soluble and sensitive to environmental changes
ex: hormones& antibodies |
Enzymes | biological catalysts, lower the activation energy, increase the speed of reaction |
catalysts | substances that regulate and accelerate reactions |
ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate ; adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups. |