Question | Answer |
Parathyroid Hormone | hormone acts to stimulate osteoclast activity and thus increase bone resorption |
Osteoclast | cells primarily responsible for bone resorption |
Functions of skeletal system | Support
Movement
Protection
Mineral storage
Fat(lipid) storage
Blood cell formation |
Osteoblasts | responsible for synthesizing the organic component of bone matrix |
Divisions of the skeleton | Axial (skull, spinal cord, ribcage)
Appendicular (pectoral girdle & limbs, pelvic girdle & limbs) |
Long bone | Primarily compact bone
Longer than wide
(ex: limbs) |
Short bone | Mostly spongy bone
Cube shape
(ex: wrist and ankles) |
Flat bone | Thin flat spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone [=]
(ex: skull, ribs) |
Sesamoid bone | Short bones formed in tendons
(ex: patella; knee cap) |
Wormian bone | Tiny bones in sutures between major cranial bones
(sutural bones) |
Irregular bones | does not fit into any other category
(ex: vertebrae) |
Tuberosity
(bone marking term) | large rounded projections
(site of muscle & ligament attachment) |
Trochanter
(bone marking term) | Only on femer; large blunt surface
(site of muscle & ligament attachment) |
Spine
(bone marking term) | Sharp slender pointed projection
(site of muscle & ligament attachment) |
Head
(bone marking term) | Bony extension on narrow neck
(helps form joints) |
Facet
(bone marking term) | smooth nearly flat articular surface
(helps form joints) |
Fossa
(bone marking term) | Basin like depression (socket)
(Depression & opening allows BV & nerve pass through) |
Foramen
(bone marking term) | Round or oval opening through a bone
(Depression & opening allows BV & nerve pass through) |
Periosteum | Membrane on the outer surface of all bones |
Endosteum | Membrane that lines the inner surface of all bones. |
Yellow bone marrow | Inside bone cavity (fat storage) |
Red bone marrow | In spongy bone produces red blood cells |
Epiphyseal Plate | Growth plate. |
Articular cartilage | On articulating joint surfaces |
Diaphysis | middle section of long bone |
Epiphysis | Rounded end of long bone |
Proximal epiphysis | Rounded end of long bone closer to trunk |
Distal Epiphysis | Rounded end of long bone farther from trunk. |
Sharpeys fibers | matrix of connective tissue connect the periosteum to bone. |
Osteoblasts | Bone forming cells
(outer bone surface) |
Osteoclasts | bone destroying cells
(Inner bone; medullary cavity) |
Costal Cartilage
type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage
area: end of ribs (costal-sternal junction) |
Laryngeal cartilage
type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage
area: Around larynx (voice box) for protection |
Tracheal cartilage
type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage
area: Rings forming wall fo trachea |
Bronchial cartilage
type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage
area: In the bronchi of the respiratory system |
Nasal cartilage
type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage
area: at the tip/end of the nose (externally) |
Intervertebral discs
type; area | Type: Fibrocartilage
area: Found between vertebrae (seperates & cushions) |
Perichondrium
Structure & function | Dense irregular connective tissue
Covers cartilage
Fx: brace to resist distortion of cartilage, aids rowth and repair of cartilage. |
Name 4 sutures of the skull | Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture |
Sagittal suture connects which bones? | Midline suture point of 2 parietal ones |
Coronal suture connects which bones? | Connects Frontal bone to both left and right parietal bones |
Squamous suture connects which bones? | Temporal to Parietal bones |
Lambdoid suture connects which bones? | Occipital bone to the left and right parietal bones |
Name the 8 bones that make up the cranium. | Frontal bone
Left Parietal bone
Right Parietal bone
Left Temporal bone
Right Temporal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone |
Two functions of sinuses | Lighten the skull
Resonance chamber for speech |
What is the orbit? | Eye socket |
What tow bones form the nasal septum? | Posterior: Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) and vomer bone
Anterior: (optional) septal cartilage |
What bones form the cheekbone? | Zygomatic bone and lateral wings of the maxilla |
Why is the sphenoid bone called the keystone of the cranial floor? | It articulates (as a central wedge) with ALL other cranial bones |
What structure is found in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone? | Pituitary Gland |
What passes through the holes of the cribiform plate? | Olfactory Nerve I fibers |
Name the bone:
Forehead bone | Frontal bone |
Name the bone:
Lower Jaw | Mandible |
Name the bone:
Bridge of the nose | Nasal bones |
Name the bone:
Much of the lateral and superior cranium | Parietal bone (L&R) |
Name the bone:
Contains the foremen Magnum | Occipital bone |
Name the bone:
Cribiform plate | Ethmoid bone |
Name the bone:
Optic foraamen | Sphenoid (lesser wing) |
Name the bone:
Mental Foramen | Mandible |
Name the bone:
supraorbital foramen | frontal bone |
Name the bone:
styloid process | temportal bone |
Name the bone:(2)
Jugular foramen | articulation of temporal and occipital |
Name the bone: 1(3)
bones of the middle ear | Ossicles (stapes, incus, malleus) |
Name the bone:
Crista galli | ethmoid bone |
Name the bone: (2)
alveolar process bearing teeth | Maxilla & mandible |
Name the bone:
Condyles articulate with the atlas | Occipital condyles |
Name the bone:
Mastoid process | Temporal bone |
Name the bone:
Carotid canal | Temporal bone |
Name the bone:
Internal acoustic meatus | Temporal bone |
Name the bone:
Mandibular fossa | On the Temporal bone |
Name the bone:
Greater and lesser wings | Sphenoid bone |
Name the bone:
Zygomatic process | Temporal bone |
Name the bone:
External auditory meatus | Temporal bone |
Name the bone:
Point of tongue muscle attachment | Temporal bone (specifically styloid & mastoid processes; hyoid also serves as tongue attachment) |
How many vertebrae make up the human spine? | 33 individual bones
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal. Only the top 24 bones are moveable; the vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are fused. |
Name the Three regions of vertebra. | Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar |
How many vertebra in the Cervical Region? | 7 cervical vertebrae Including axis & atlas (C1-C7) |
How many Lumbar vertebra? | The five lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5. These vertebrae are much larger in size for their weight-bearing function. |
How many Thoracic vertebra? | The 12 thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12. The range of motion in the thoracic spine is limited. |
What kind of tissue composes the intervertebral discs? | Fibrocartilage |
Describe Lordosis | Swayback, extension of the lumbar region |
Describe Kyphosis | Hunchback distension of the thoracic vertebra |
Describe scoliosis | When the spine curves laterally away from the medial line |
What are the major components of the thorax? (excluding spinal column) | Ribs
Sternum |
What is a true rib? | A true rib has its own costal cartilage attachment to the sternum. |
What is a false rib? | A false rib does not directly attach to the sternum. It either attaches indirectly or not at all. |
Name the fontanels of the baby skull. | Anterior fontanel
Mastoid Fontanel
Posterior fontanel
Sphenoidal fontanel |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
. Odentoid process or dens | Axis |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
. Spinous process points downward. | Thoracic vertebra |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
.Massive, weight sustaining | Lumbar vertebra |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
.Tail Bone | Coccyx |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
.superior articular facets are turned medially | Lumbar vertebra |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
.Spinous process hatchet shaped | Lumbar vertebra |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
.Facet for tubercle of rib on transverse process | Thoracic vertebra |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
.Superior articular facets are flat | Cervical vertebra |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
.bifurcated spinous process | Cervical vertebra |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
. No body | Atlas |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
.Inferior articular facets are turned laterally | Lumbar vertebra |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
.Smallest, lightest vertebra | cervical vertebra |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
.Largest superior articular facets | Atlas |
Identify vertebral structure/region:
.Triangular vertebral foramen | Lumbar vertebra |
Name the bones (2) of the pectoral girdle | Scapula
Clavicle |
Lateral bone of the forearm | Radius |
Madial bone of the forearm | Ulna |
Pectoral girdle that is unattached to the axial skeleton | Scapula |
Depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerous | glenoid cavity (fossa) |
Rounded knob of humerous that articulates with the radius | capitulum |
Scapular region to which clavical connects | Acromion Process |
Process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment | Coracoid process |
The "collarbone" | Clavicle |
Distal condyle of the humerous that articulates with the ulna | Trochlea |
Forearm bone involved in formation of the elbow | Ulna |
Wrist bones | Carpals |
Finger bones | Phalanges |
Heads of these bones form the knuckles | metacarpals |
Bones (2) that articulate with the clavicle | Manubrium (sternum)
Scapula |
Anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, which receives part of the ulna when the forearm is flexed | Coronoid fossa |
3 bones fuse to form the coxal bone | Ilium
Pubis
Ischium |
Point where coxal bones join anteriorly | Pubic symphysis |
Superior most margin of the coxal bone | Iliac crest |
Deep socket of the coxal bone that receives the head of the femer | Acetabulum |
The lateral bone of the lower leg | Fibula |
Thick medial bone of lower leg | Tibia |
Kneecap | Patella |
Shinbone | Tibia |
Ankle bones | Tarsals |
Longest bone in the body | femur |
Largest tarsal bone | Calcaneus |
Tarsal bone that supports the body weight/articulates with the calculaneous | Talus |
Lateral ankle projection | Lateral malleolus (fibula) |
Medial ankle projection | Medial malleolous (tibia) |
Bones forming the instep of foot | Metatarsals |
Bones (2) forming knee joint | Tibia
Femur |
Bone with the lateral malleolous | Fibula |
Bone with the medial Malleolous | Tibia |
Compare Male and female pelvis:
.Inlet | Female inlet is large and more circular |
Compare Male and female pelvis:
.depth | Female pelvis as a whole is challower and bone is lighter and thinner |
Compare Male and female pelvis:
.sacrum | Female sacrum is broader and less curved, pubic arch is more rounded |
Compare Male and female pelvis:
.acetabula & ilia | Female acetabula are smaller and farther apart, ilia flare laterally |
Compare Male and female pelvis:
.ischial spines .. pelvic outlet | Female ischial spines are shorter and farter apart, inverted *larger pelvic outlet |
What characteristics do all joints have in common? | All are made of connective tissue, all hold bones together. |
Identify Joint type:
Typically allows a slight degree of movement | cartilaginous |
Identify Joint type:
Includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis | cartilaginous |
Identify Joint type:
Essentially immoveable joints | Fibrous |
Identify Joint type:
Sutures are an example of this joint type | Fibrous |
Identify Joint type:
Characterized by cartilage connecting the articulating bone ends | cartilaginous |
Identify Joint type:
a fiberous articulr capsule lined with a membrane surrounding a joint cavity | synovial |
Identify Joint type:
all are freely moveable | synovial |
Identify Joint type:
bone regions are united by fibrous connective tissue | Fibrous |
Identify Joint type:
include hip, knee, and elbow joints. | synovial |
Identify Joint type:
ampiarthrotic | caartilaginous |
Identify Joint type:
diathrotic | synovial |
Identify Joint type:
synarthrotic | fibrous |
Classify Joint :
Joint between skull bones | fibrous
synarthrotic |
Classify Joint :
joint between axis and atlas | Synovial
Uniaxial |
Classify Joint :
Hip joint | Synovial
Multiaxial |
Classify Joint :
Intervertebral joints | Cartilagenous
Symphysis |
Classify Joint :
Elbow | Synovial
Uniaxial |
Classify Joint :
Interphalangeal joints | synovial
Uniaxial |
Classify Joint :
Joint between talus and tibia/fibula | Synovial
Uniaxial |
Classify Joint :
Epiphyseal plate of a childs long bone | cartilagenous
synchondrosis |
Joint between forearm bones and wrist | synovial
Biaxial |