Question | Answer |
Respiration | exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between the atmosphere & the body cells |
Ventilation | moves air through a series of passes into & out of the lungs |
External Respiration | exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood |
Transports | the blood transports the gases to and from the tissue cells |
Internal Respiration | exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells |
Upper Respiratory Tract | nose, pharynx and larynx |
Lower Respiratory Tract | trachea, bronchial tree and lungs |
Nose | framework consists of bone and cartilage |
Nasal Cavity | interior chamber of the nose |
Nasal Septum | divides the nose into two parts |
Name two places that air enters the nasal cavity from the outside | nostrils and external nares |
Internal Nares | the openings from the nasal cavity into the pharynx |
Palate | forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity |
Hard Palate | anterior portion of the palate |
Rhinitis | inflamm of the nasal mucuosa accompanied by excessive mucus |
Tracheotomy | creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck and insertion of a tube to facilitate passage of air or removal of secretions |
Respiratory Obstruction | foreign objects that become lodged in the larynx or trachea |
Bronchoscopy | procedure in which a fiber optic bundle is inserted into the trachea and directed along the conducting passageways to the smaller bronchi. It allows visualization of the inside of the bronchi |
Asthma | constriction of smooth muscle around the bronchial tree |
Pleurisy | inflamm of the pleura |
Pneumothorax | accumulation of air in the pleural cavity |
Uvula | helps direct food into the oropharynx |
Soft Palate | posterior portion of palate that has no bony support |
Nasal Conchae | bony ridges that project into the nasal cavity. They help direct air flow through the nasal cavity |
Where are the Paranasal Sinuses located? | in the frontal, maxillae, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones |
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses? | reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus and influence voice quality |
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium | mucous membrane that lines most of the nasal cavity |
pharynx | throat |
how long is the pharynx | 13 cm |
List the 3 regions of the pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
nasopharynx | posterior to the nasal cavity and extend to the uvula |
How does air enter the nasopharynx? | from the nasal cavity through the internal nares |
what do the auditory tubes (esutachian) do? | help to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane |
pharyngeal tonsils | collections of lymphoid tissue |
Where is location of pharyngeal tonsils? | posterior wall of the nasopharynx |
Where is the oropharynx | posterior to the oral cavity |
Where does the oropharynx receive food, air, and water from? | Oral cavity |
fauces | opening between the oral cavity and oropharynx |
What borders the Fauces? | masses of lymphoid tissue called tonsils |
Where are the palatine tonsils located | in the lateral walls of the oropharynx, adjacent to the fauces |
where are the lingual tonsils located? | on the surface of the posterior portion of the tongue, also in the region of the fauces |
Where is the laryngopharnyx located? | most inferior portion of the pharynx |
What are the oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined with? | mucuous membrane of stratified squamous epithelium |
larynx | voice box. It is the passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea |
how long is the larynx | 5 cm long |
What is the larynx made of? | formed by 9 pieces of cartilage that are connected to each other by muscles and ligaments |
Name the 3 largest catilaginous portions of the larynx | thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage and epiglottis |
thyroid cartilage | adams apple |
cricoid cartilage | forms the base of the larynx and is attached to the trachea |
epiglottis | long leaf shaped structure that prevents food and water from entering the trachea |
Two pairs of ligaments that house the larynx | vestibular folds (false vocal cords) and true vocal cords |
Function of false vocal cords | they work with the epiglottis to prevent particles from entering the lower respiratory tract |
Function of true vocal cords | sound production |
glottis | opening between the true vocal cords which leads to the trachea |
trachea | windpipe |
What forms the trachea? | consists of a tube that extends from the larynx and into the mediastinum, where it divides into R & L bronchi |
How long is the trachea? | 12 to 15 cm long |
What supports the trachea? | 15 - 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage |
What is the mucous membrane that lines the trachea ? | ciliated epithelium |
what do the alveolar ducts consist of? | simple squamous epithelium |
what is the function of the alveoli ducts | permits rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
Describe the right lung | shorter, broader and has a greater volume than the left lung. It has 3 lobes |
Describe the left lung | longer and narrower than the right lung. Has the cardiac notch and has two lobes |
pleura | double layered serous membrane that encloses lungs |
parietal pleura | lines the wall of the thorax |
visceral pleura | attached to the surface of the lung |
pleural cavity | small space between the visceral and parietal pleurae |
pulmonary ventilation | referred to as "breathing". It is the process of air flowing into lungs during inhalation and out of lungs during exhalation |
inhalation | process of taking air into the lungs |
diaphragm | dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity |
What happens when the diaphragm contracts? | it drops or becomes flatter. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity |
Exhalation (or expiration) | process of letting air out of the lungs during the breathing cycle |
What happens when the diaphragm relaxes? | the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases to its normal size |
What happens to the alveoli when air leaves the lungs? | they become smaller |