| Question | Answer |
| Avignon Papacy | Period in the 14th century when 7 popes reigned in France (Babalonian Capt.) |
| Conciliar Movement | Christian movement; final authority with church council, not pope |
| John Wycliffe | preached Biblical reforms and believed Christians should be poor |
| Joan of Arc | Woman who fought in the Hundred Years War with the French |
| Black Death | Massive disease that killed 30-60% of the population of England in 14th century |
| John Ball | one of the leaders of the Peasant Revolt in 1381 |
| Flagellants | a herectical sect who whipped themselves publicly |
| Hundred Years War | Series of battles fought for the French Throne |
| humanism | philosophical theory that gave appreciation to humanity, the individual, and man; independent thought |
| virtu | excellence |
| Renaissance Man | One who knows how to do a lot of things well |
| Mirandola | Pico Della, Believed that men had the power to make themselves into whatever they chose; good in man |
| Pope Innocent 3rd | Disagreed with Mirandola, basically men are bad |
| Culture of Merit | people were judged based upon what they achieve during their life, allows for social mobility |
| Petrach | The father of humanism; elevated Latin Texts and wrote letters to the dead |
| Boccaccio | writer of humanism; wrote Decameron (book about daily life during Plague) |
| Medici | Powerful family who ruled italy |
| Despotism | when one central power rules with absolute power; Medici's tried to use it to create appearance of repub. |
| Castiglione | Wrote book of the courtier; gave men tips on how to court |
| Bruni | developed the humanities curriculum |
| Life in Italy | Urbanization needed. Italian mobility more cultivated and refined than northern europe. more wealth=more culture |
| Populo Grosso | the fat people--the wealthy people who had power |
| populo minuto | the little people |
| civic humanism | public life seen as a virtue and noble--honorable to participate in politics |
| Lorenzetti | painter who painted 2 images of good and bad gov't |
| Plague effect on Italy | undermined the relationship between the rich and poor that allowed the republic to work |
| Ciompi Rebellion | uprising of lower classes |
| albezi family | family that came to power in 1434 as a result of the ciompi rebellion; rival was medici family |
| Florence v. Milan | almost like athens and sparta |
| Peace of Lodi | Peace treaty signed between Florence and Milan to end conflict |
| Forein invasion in Italy | Chales 5th of spain and Charles 8th--charles 5th wins but Italy suffers because it is used as the battleground |
| Machiavelli | wrote humanist texts-believes in republic form of gov't |
| Early Modern Period | sign of the break of medieval period |
| characteristics of EMP 1 | increased secularism-rational and secular thought prevalent |
| Characteristics of EMP 2 | religious division-catholicism loses monopoly and moves toward protestantism |
| characteristics of EMP 3 | european expansion-cultural expansion and political changes |
| characteristics of EMP 4 | New Market Economy-move toward capitalism; trace & commerce |
| characteristics of EMP 5 | Rise of centralized states-states most powerful at expense of church |
| christian humanism | the idea that man can control his fate-had agency with God and should be able to read scripture |
| Johannes Gutenberg | brought printing press with removable type to Europe |
| Erasmus | Father of christian humanism--translated the bible due to belief of availability |
| St. Thomas More | wrote book Utopia-based on imaginary country with no social hierarchy, injustice or private proverty |
| Francois Rabelais | exxaggerated bawdy and lewd sense of humor |
| Gargantua | giant book |
| Indulgences | writ of...the pope can transfer good works to sinners which means less time in purgatory |
| treasury of merit | idea tht doing good for the church will get you into heaven |
| good works | paying tithes and such |
| Johann Tetzel | known for selling indulgences |
| John calvin | Christian reformer--idea of calvinism |
| calvinism | predestination-god has already determined who should go to heaven |
| Protestant Work ethic | might be why capitalism thrived alongside calvinism |
| hugonots | french calvinists |
| Anabaptists | believed in adult baptism; no social hierarchy; poligamy |
| Munster Rebellion | anabaptists took over the city; a lutheran prince slaughters the anabaptist with an army |
| German Peasants War | 1525; revole of German speaking areas of lower class people; peasants suffered mass losses |
| Catherine of Aragon | Henry 8th's wife from Spain-aunt of Charles 5th, so pope would not grant divorce |
| Act of Supremacy | created by Elizabeth I; gave her complete control of the Chruch of England |
| Elizabethan Settlement | the act of supre. and act of uniformity that was a religious settlement that all would be Anglican |
| Mary v. Elizabeth | Mary sought to go back to Catholic tradition, but Elizabeth reversed it back to protestantism |
| Ignatius Loyola | Spanish Founder of the Jesuits |
| Jesuits | Troops of Catholic religion loyal to pope and church; disapproved of predestination |
| Schmakldic War | the scme league-german princes who wanted protestant reform; religious struggle with charles 5th.Charles 5th wins |
| Ausburg Peace | decision that the ruling prince's religious belief will be the belief of those people. 1555 |
| Spanish Armada | Phillip's decision to invade england because of insult by elizabeth I as well as calvinist rebellions |
| Concordat of Bologna | agreement with pope that gives the french kings the right to appoint church officials |
| St. bart's day massacre | assassinations followed by roman catholic mob violence |
| edict of nantes | calvinists can practice faith at home and in towns where they are the majority |
| 3o years war | began in bohemia-1617 |
| defenstration of prague | the bohemian nobles (calvinists) threw catholics out of the window into trash and manure |
| Destruction of madgeburg | when the french intervene and meet at germany, germany is destroyed |
| Treaty of Westphalia | ends the 30 years war by creating countours of other countries |
| epistemology | proving that what is known is actually true a method of obtaining knowledge |
| Francis Bacon | inductive reasoning-small observations lead to one big conclucion |
| Rene Descartes | Deductive reasoning-taking one large conclusion and making small ones out of it; "I think, therefore I am" |
| copernicus | responsible for deciding the Earth revolved around the sun |
| kepler | 3 laws of planetary motion |
| galileo | moon and other plantes composed of same substance |
| Motives for european expansion | economic, religious, individualism |
| means | increases in technology, and financing from other countries |
| Juan Gines Seplveda | believes spanish people to be superior to native americans, and do not need to be treated well--born to be slaves |
| Charles 5th and native americans | believes that the native americans should be respected as humans |
| Bartolomew and native americans | publicizes abuses of native americans |
| price revolution | when there is a great increase in prices |
| inflation | when the dollar value decreases, can be good for the economy because people are now either spending or investing |
| Jacques-Benigne Bossuet | To oppose the King is to oppose God |
| Thomas Hobbes | rejects that the kings power is derived from God and that all people are inherently equal |
| social contract theory | idea that people enter into contract with the government |
| 100 years war | war between england and france that has been waging for 100 years--results in multiple changes |
| INtendant system | they will rule the 40 sections of france and report to the king, nobles usually did this, step to centralized power |
| thirty year war | german and protestant war (calvinist) |
| Louis XIV and his | wants to have all power, and relies on middle class to staff bureacracy |
| Versailles | domestication of the nobility |
| absolutism | form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by all other institutions |
| constitutionalism | government run by a king or a group of governing bodies that have to abide by the laws in the constitution |
| John Locke | humans have inherent natural rights |
| James I | had the desire to have a absolutism again |
| Charles I | would act without parliament's consent |
| Petition of Right | only taxes levied by parliament were valid and the king could not rule on them |
| the long parliament | a stand-off between parliament and James |
| Oliver Cromwell | led the parliament army they defeat charles I and execute him |
| William and Mary | rulers in late 1600s who agreed to bill of rights and to respect parliament |
| Enlightenment | Building bridge to modern era with scientific revolution, writers, rational thought, belief of human progress |
| Basic vision for western vis | equality ,progress, and tolerance |
