| Question | Answer |
| Cold War | notion of competing systems (US and Soviet Union) |
| Fascism | An authoritarian right-wing system of government and social organization, led by dictator, combination of authoritarianism and nationalism, history of backlash against democracy in WWI |
| Spanish Civil War | |
| NGOs | Non-Government Organizations in reference to human rights in the 1970s |
| Social rights | a value of western civilization that was not always implemented by political systems |
| 1968 | year of revolution, Paris to Prague (May 1968) |
| Arendt | American reporter present at the trial of Adolf Eichmann who wrote it down and had it eventually turned into Eichmann in Jerusalem |
| POUM | workers party for the Marxist unification |
| Genocide | the killing of a large group of people |
| Contingency in history | WWI is a case study of contingency in history, very powerful people made decisions that led to war; Role of chance in history |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights | Passed by the UN in 1948 |
| Nuclear Arms Race | Both Eastern and Western blocs interested in being better than the other (stockpiles of missiles) |
| Stalinism | originally ideas of communist movement, all about equality & based on democratic impulses |
| Amnesty International | Global human rights organization |
| Lenin | Said we need centralized control to fend off opponents of socialism
Authoritarianism |
| Nazism | NSDAP, Hitler promised to restore national greatness & restore 3rd reich-harmony health and putting common good before individual; Anti-Semitism |
| League of nations | intergovernmental organization that ended WWI; resulted from the Paris peace conference, first group to incorporate world peace |
| Mussolini | fascist leader of Italy, part of Axis powers |
| Bureaucracy | non-elected officials that have control over laws and policies |
| Orwell | Englishman in POUM, gave 1st hand account of Spanish Revolution |
| Decolonization | the move away from colonization, process of previously colonized becoming independent |
| Eichmann | German in the Nazi regime in charge of deportation of European Jews to concentration camps; Tried and sentenced in 1961 |
| Anti-semitism | Rise of European beliefs about race; Jewish faith defined as “different” in a bad way by communities (stems from Christian anti-Judaism) |
| WWI | 1939-1945; “The Great War,” set the stage for other atrocities to occur, culmination of tension in Europe between Allies and Central Powers; reversed democratic trend |
| Totalitarianism | States strives for complete control over people’s lives (Ex |
| Banality of evil | Coined by Arendt; “evil” actions committed by ordinary people who believed that their actions were normal/routine |
| “Final Solution” | 1941-1945; beliefs leading up to holocaustextermination camps, mobile killing units, racial utopia (Nazis believe it’s a good thing they’re doing) |
| Moyn | Intellectual historian, studying how ideas shape the course of history, putting the concept of human rights into a historical context |
| Participatory democracy | Process where political decisions are made directly by regular people, opposite of a Representative democracy |
| Nuremberg Trials | 1945-1949; Trials that charged crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity |
| Anarchism | political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful |
| CNT | National Confederation of Labor; Anarchist/Loyalist revolutionary group, against capitalism and the state |
| Francisco Franco | general in Spanish military, attempted a putsch, won in election but led fascist movement |
| Russian revolution | aftermath of WWI, led to creation of the Soviet Union |
| WWII | 1939-1945, a “total war” of all countries that contained significant events involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare; the deadliest conflict in human history |
| United Nations | an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace *Targeted genocide as a criminal act |
| National Sovereignty | nation is superior to the individuals of which it is composed |
| Crimes against humanity | offenses harshly against human dignity on a large scale, part of government policy |
| Extermination Camps | camps built by Nazi Germany to systematically kill millions of Jews by gassing and extreme work under starvation conditions (genocide) |
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