| Question | Answer |
| Knights of the Empire | little lords of manor that never got incorporated into the modern system; didn't acknowledge any overlordship besides the Holy Roman Emperor |
| neofeudalism | characteristics of old feudal, medival concepts still alive; neo = new |
| Germanic liberties | aka states rights; freedom of member states from control by emperor/europe; kept HRE weak (so backed by France) |
| perpetual diet | Holy Roman emperor has diet (like congress or estates general so representative body); have for times of war and 1663 is the last time a formal diet was called; never resolved so diet techincally in order from 1663 - 1806; like Long Parliament, |
| Guelph family (Hanover) | hereditary rulers of Hanover (electoral status); also inherits England because James II's Catholic line is barred; English king and Hanover elector |
| Hohenzollern | hereditary rulers and electors of Brandenburg; eventually kings of Prussia |
| Duchy of Prussia | Polish regiion where a lot of Germanic people live; eventually annexed by Prussia; duchy = province |
| szlachta | Polish aristocracy (nobles); 8% of the population; sticklers for their Polish liberties (aka states rights) |
| liberum veto | free veto; any member who disapproves can make diet explode, take idea off the playing field; no action if any member rejected, must be unanimous; characteristic of Polish diet; benefits people and individual manors (nonpowerful left alone); non efficient |
| Koran | the Holy Book of Muslims; were laws of the Ottoman Empire derived from |
| sultan | the ruler of Ottoman Empire; Muslim political leader; one with caliph |
| caliph | Ottoman Empire; Muslim religious leader; one with sultan |
| extraterritorial privileges | same concept of diplomatic immunity for foreign representatives; Turks off this for business and economic interactions (mainly France); Muslim law wont apply to you |
| Turk bells | if they rang it was becasue Ottman Empire was potentually would invade you |
| hereditary provinces | aka Austria, the core and oldest/original part of the Austrian Empire; has taken in Bohemia and Hungary |
| Pope Innocent XI | jumps in to help the Austrians financially; doesn't want Ottoman Empire to take Austria (they are Muslim) |
| Duke Charles of Lorraine | Hapsburg general in series of wars; just a duke before he eventually became king and HREmperor; wanted to protect inheritance |
| John Sobieski | king of Poland who offers troops for Austria; doesn't want the Ottoman Empire to expand anymore; last great military effort for Poland |
| Prince Eugene of Savoy | leader of Austrian forces in War of the Spanish Succession (gains royal title); international "free agent", consultant to Austria; offers knowledge of how to modernize technology, economy, government for Austria |
| Battle of Zenta | 1697; decisive battle between Austria and Ottoman Empire that creates a temporary boarder between the two |
| Peace of Karlowitz | 1699; peace treaty that called for a temporary pause "time out"; so Austria could fight in the War of the Spanish Succession |
| Treaty of Rastadt | treaty that ends the War of the Spanish Succession; Austria annexes the Spanish Netherlands |
| Peace of Belgrade | 1739; Austria keeps pushing the Ottoman Empire further east, results in this treaty; permanent border separating Austria from Ottoman - lasts until WWI |
| Trieste | Austria's window to the Mediterranian Sea; seaport in Croatia |
| Magyar aristocracy | aka Hungarian aristocracy; Magyars are the ethnic group of Hungary |
| Charles VI | king of Austria and HREmperor; no male hier; wants his empire to stay intact after his death |
| Pragmatic Sanction | Charles VI doesn't want his kingdom to be divided like Spain's was; only one holy line; countries agree, but once he is dead - go get em!; people try to take advantage, wars of the Austrian Succession (started by Prussia) |
| Maria Theresa | Charles VI's daughter and only child |
| militarism | army and its needs come first; war is glorified and it is a good thing (not be be avoided); Prussia |
| margrave | ruler of a German state; another title you could call the elector of Brandenburg |
| Brandenburg | state of HRE; eventually inherited Prussia in Poland; built up to become the Kingdom of Prussia; militaristic state because it is a mark state and therefore needs to be |
| "mark" of the HRE | boarder state of empire; must build up an army for protection from possible invasion; Brandenburg obsessed with military - becomes even more so after the devistation of the 30 Years War |
| Teutonic Knights | group in Middle Ages; militaristic, Christians who settled Northern Germany; Brandenburg is the decendents of them |
| Frederick William (The Great Elector) | the ruler of Brandenburg who leaves Brandenburg out of the aftermath of the 30 Year's War; first man to inherit Prussia; created a small but compitent army; begins the transformation of Brandenburg to a powerful state |
| Frederick III of Brandenburg (Frederick I of Prussia) | in exchange for 8000 troops for the Spanish Succession, receives the title of King of Prussia; receives Further Pomerania; turns Prussia into hard military state we think of; build up but doesnt unleash - more of a bargaining chip |
| Frederick II (The Great) | of Prussia; unleashes military; starts Austrian War of Succession; militaristic society - whip if being lazy etc |
| Silesia | taken by Frederick II during War of Austrian Succession; challenging Austria for dominance of German world; wants to weaen Austria just enough to convince HRE that it should look to Prussia instead |
| Europeanization | the westernizing of Russia; borrowing new knowlege and institutions |
| Muscovy | the area in and around Moscow; "true, ethnically pure" Russians |
| Slavic | people identified with their language; term used to describe Russian people |
| Ivan III (The Great) | threw off the Mongol rule from Russia |
| Great Russians | aka Muscovites, those who lived in and around Moscow; therefore "true, ethnically pure" Russians |
| Tartar | northern coast of Black Sea; group that Russians have to conquer in order to have access to Black Sea |
| Cossacks | southern Russians; like American west in the sense that they were considered to be like cowboys |
| White Russians | where modern day Belarus is; Bela = white, rus= russian |
| Little Russians | in and around Kiev (Ukraine); little = lower, southern Russia; big part of Russia's agriculture, know as the "bread basket" of Russia |
| Archangel | port city that Peter the Great uses to try to establish a Russian navy; summer-only port, wanted to get a year-round warm-water port |
| duma | council of advisors to the tsar |
| streltsi | Russian military corps; the Moscow nobles who were involved in politics |
| Ivan IV (The Terrible) | considered to be the first 'czar' of Russia |
| czar (tzar) | derives from the term Caesar; synonym for Emperor (aka the Russian leader) |
| Time of Troubles | similar to the War of the Roses in England; fight amoung Russian nobles as to who should inherit the throne; Michael Rommanov is chosen as a compromise |
| Michael Romanov | first of Romanov dynasty; related by marriage to Ivan IV and wasn't connected to any warring side |
| Romanov Dynasty | Russia's ruling family from Michael Romanov through 1917; began the repression of representative institutions in Russia and became leaders similar to that of an absolute monarchy |
| Stephen Razin | led a 1667 uprising of peasants; took a group of serfs, Cossacks, adventurers and terrorized Russian towns; "war on nobles and landlords'; result was clamping down more on peasants; |
| Old Believers | those who rejected the reforms of the Russian Bible and the changes to their Orthodox Church |
| Procurator of the Holy Synod | the secular connection between Peter and the church; Russian church had a Holy Synod in replace of a Petriarch; czars uses this position to weaken and control the church, indirectly placing himself in charge |
| German quarter | a German region of Moscow that fascinated Peter the Great because of its western, modern style; sparks Peter's interest in the West |
| Great Northern War | (1700 - 1721); Sweden vs Russia; ending marked end of Swedish imperialism and gained Russia a warm water port in St. Petersburg |
| Treaty of Nystadt | ended Great Northern War; secured Peter the Great a piece of the Baltic Shore and a warm water port |
| St. Petersburg (Leningrad) | Peter's window to the west; established gov. there forcing nobility to build houses; symbol of new Russia (minds facing West) |
