Question | Answer |
Males | -constant production of spermatozoon &fertility -decreases with age -~300mill/day |
Females | -cyclic ~3days/month -7mill follicles~400ovulated |
Endocrine glands | -hypothalamus & pituitary(in brain) -adrenal(above kidney's) -gonads |
gonads | -testis&ovaries -produce gametes -hormones produced |
Hypothalamus | -homeostatic regulator=temp,hunger,thirst,sleep stress
-neuroendocrine=nueral & hormonal info |
posterior pituitary | release hormones= nuerosecretory peptide hormones (NPH) |
nuerosecretory nuerons | -conduct nerve impulses -produce, conduct & release NPH -pass into post pituitary |
Nuerosecretory peptide hormones | -produced in hypothalamus -carrier proteins to axon terminals -stored in secretory vessels -nerve impulses trigger exocytosis=releasing hormones |
Hormones released? *nuerosecretory peptide hormones* | *oxytocin *antiduiretic hormones |
Oxytocin | -smooth muscle contraction (milk ejection, contraction of uterus, induces labour) -secreted by stimulation of nipples/uterie distension |
Antidiuretic hormones | -acts on kidneys=retain water |
Anterior pituitary | -releasing & inhibiting hormones in cell body into vesicles -nerve impulses=hormones secreted into hypophysealportal vessels |
hypophysealportal system | blood flows from capillarybed to another without passing through heart |
Anterior pituitary secretory cells | -releasing & inhibiting hormones act on specific cells -clumps on termini of portal blood vessels -Gonadotrophs- gonadotrophin |
Gonadotrophins e.g | -FSH follicle stimulating hormone -LH luteinising hormone |
Pulsatile release | -hypothalamic secretion= discrete burst, prevents receptor desensitations & down regulation |
FSH | |
Uterine tubes | -fertilisation in ampulla (1)rich nutritive environment (2)epithelial linin, secretory colunar (3) mucosa surrounded by concentric layers of SM
(4)ciliary movement transports |
Eptopic pregnancy | -fertilisation not in uterine wall -risk factors: smoking, older, prior damage |
Ovary | -oval 5-10g -3regions -ovarian cortex -centra ovarian medulla -inner hilium |
Ovarian cortex | -ovarian follicles |
central ovarian medulla | -ovarian stroma -steriod producing cells |
Inner Hilium | -point entry for nerves & blood vessels |
Follicular development | primordial follice-primary follicle-2nd follicle-mature follicle-ovulation-corpus luteum-corpus arlbican-fertilisation |
Menopause | -end of reproductive life -50-52yrs -ovary runs out of follicles -<1000 follicles |
Spermatogenesis basics | -sperm production -only in semeniferous tubes
-after puberty -300-600sperm/g/testi/sec |
phases of sperm production | (1)mitotic division (2)meiotic division (3)spermiogenesis
*puberty:gem cells activated |
(1)mitosis | -spermatogonial stem cells divide -form 2n -in basal compartments
-move between stertole cells into adluminal compartments->spermatocytes |
(2)meiotic division | 1 spermatocyte(2n)-2 spermatocyte(n)-spermatid(n l) |
Spermiogenesis | -cytodifferentiation
-spermatids differentiate to spermatozoa -move to lumen - |