Term | Definition |
anatomy | study of structure of body parts and their relationship to one another |
physiology | study of function of body's structural machinery |
regional | all structures in 1 part of body(such as abdomen or leg) |
systemic | gross anatomy of body studied by system |
surface | study of internal structures asd they relate to overlying skin |
cytology | study of cell |
histology | study of tissues |
developmental anatomy | traces structural changes throughout life |
embryology | study of developmental changes of body before birth |
pathological anatomy | study of structural changes caused by disease |
radiographic anatomy | study of internal structures visualized by Xray |
molecular biology | study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level |
physiology | considers operation of specific organ systems |
renal | kidney function |
neurophysiology | workings of nervous system |
cardiovascular | operation of heart and blood vessels |
chemical | atoms combine to form molecules |
cellular | cells are made of molecules |
tissue | consists of similar types of cells |
organ | made up of diff types of tissues |
organ system | consists of diff organs that work closely together |
organismal | made up of organ systems |
integumentary system | forms external body covering |
integumentary system2 | composed of skin,sweat glands, oil glands,hair, and nails |
integumentary system3 | protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D |
skeletal system | composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments |
skeletal system2 | protects and supports body organs |
skeletal system3 | provides framework for muscles |
skeletal system4 | site of blood cell formation and stores minerals |
muscular system | composed of muscle and tendons |
muscular system2 | allows mainpulation of envir.,locomotion, and facial expression |
muscular system3 | maintains posture and produces heat |
nervous system | composed of brain,spinal column, and nerves |
nervous system2 | is fast-acting control system of body |
nervous system3 | responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands |
cardiovascular system | composed of heart and blood vessels |
cardiovascular system2 | heart pumps blood |
cardiovascular system3 | blood vessels transport blood throughout |
lymphatic system | composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen,lymph nodes, and lympathic vessels |
lymphatic system2 | picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood |
lymphatic system3 | disposes of debris in the lyphatic stream and houses white blood cells involved with immunity |
Respiratory system | composed of nasal cavity,pharynx,trachea,bronchi ,and lungs |
respiratory system2 | keeps blood supplied with oxygen and remove CO2 |
digestive system | composed of oral cavity,esophagus,stomach,small intestine,large intestine,rectum,anus,and liver |
digestive system2 | breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood |
digestive system3 | eliminates idegstible foodstuffs as feces |
urinary system | composed of kidneys,ureters,urinary bladder,and urethra |
urinary system2 | eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body |
urinary system3 | regulates water,electrolyte,and pH balance of blood |
male reproductive system | composed of prostate gland,penis,testtes,scrotum,and ductus deferems |
male reproductive system2 | main function is production of offspring |
male reproductive system3 | testes produce sperm and male sex hormones |
male reproductive system4 | ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract |
female reproductive system | composed of mummary glands,ovaries,uterine tubes,uterus,and vagina |
female reproductive system2 | main function= production of offspring |
female reproductive system3 | ovaries produce eggs and female hormones |
female reproductive system4 | remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and dev. of fetus |
female reproductive system5 | mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborn |
maintaing boundaries | the internal envir. remains distinct from external |
cellular level(maintaining boundaries) | accomplish by plasma membranes |
organismal level(maintaining boundaries) | accomplish by skin |
movement | locomotion, propulsion(peristalsis), and contractility |
responsiveness | ability to sense changes in envir. and respond to them |
digestion | breakdown of ingested foodstuffs |
metabolism | all cjem reactions that occur in body |
excretion | removal of wastes from body |
cellular(reproduction) | original cell divides and produce 2 identical daughter cells |
organismal(reproduction) | sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person |
growth | increase in size of body part or organism |
nutrients | chem substance used for energy and cell building |
oxygen | needed for metabolic reactions |
water | provides necessary envir for chem reactions |
maintaining normal body temp | necessary for chem reactions to occur at life sustaining rates |
atomspheric pressure | require for proper breathing and gas exchange in lungs |
homeostasis | ability to maintain a relatively stab;e internal envir in an ever-changing outside world |
receptor | monitors envir.s and responds to changes(stimuli) |
control center | determines set point at which variable is maintained |
effector | provides means to respond to stimulus |
neg feedback system | output shuts off original stimulus |
pos feedback system | output enhances or exaggerates original stimulus |
superior and inferior | toward and away from head,respectively |
anterior and posterior | toward front and back of body |
medial,lateral,and intermediate | toward midline, away from midline, and b/t more medial and lateral structure |
proximal and dismal | closer to and farther from origin of body |
superficial and deep | toward and away from body surface |
axial | head,neck,and trunk |
appendiculare | appendages or limbs |
sagittal | divides body into right and left parts |
midagittal or medial | sagittal plane that lies on midline |
frontal or coronal | divides body into anterior and inferior parts |
transverse or horizontal | cross section, divides body into superiot and inferior parts |
oblique section | cuts made diagonally |
dorsal cavity | protects nervous system and is divided into 2 subdivisions |
cranial cavity | within skull and encases brain |
vertebral cavity | runs within vertebral column and encases spinal cord |
ventral cavity | houses internal organs(viscera) and is divided into subdivisions: thoraic and abdominopelvic |
thoraic cavity | subdivided into pleural cavitites, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity |
pleural cavitites | each houses a lung |
mediastinum | contains pericardial cavity and surrounds remaining thoraic organs |
pericardial cavity | encloses heart |
abdominopelvic cavity | seperated from superior thoraic cavity by dome shaped diaphragm |
abdominal cavity | contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs |
pelvic cavity | lies within pelvis and contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum |
parietal serosa | lines internal body walls |
visceral serosa | covers internal organs |
serous fluid | separates serosae |
oral and digestive | mouth and cavities of digestive organs |
nasal | located within and posterior to nose |
orbital | house eyes |
middle ear | contains bones(ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations |
synovial | joint cavities |