Question | Answer |
erythr- | red |
leuko- | white |
thromb- | clot |
hem- | red |
hepat- | liver |
hem- | blood |
hepatic | liver |
hematopoises | blood formation |
hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding |
oxyhemoglobin | hemoglobin carry O2 |
carbaminohemoglobin | hemoglobin carry CO2 |
osmosis | flow of water high to low concentration |
agglutination | clumping of RBC |
antigens | protein markers in cell membrane, stimulate antibody production |
antigen | make foreign material |
antibodies | kill foreign material |
antibodies | protein made by lymphocytes in response to stimulation of an antigen |
blood physiology | body temperture
transportation
homeostasis
hemostasis
immunity |
blood body temperature | maintenance |
blood transportaion | nutrients, gases, waste, hormones, heat |
blood homeostasis | maintenance & interstitial fluid balance |
blood hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding, clot formation |
blood immunity | protection against foreign invaders,
general and specific |
immunity | carries WBC |
whole blood | 5 liters
connective tissue
45% living cells
55% plasma |
plasma | serum |
plasma in blood | 55%
pH 7.35-7.45 |
water in blood | 92% |
protein in blood | most synthesized in liver
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen |
albumins | 60%, function to maintain osmosis |
globulins | 36%, antibodies found here |
fibrinogen | 4%, coagulation, missing in serum |
gases in blood | O2, CO2 |
nutrients in blood | glucose, amino acids, fatty acids |
MPN substances | contain N not proteins, waste, uric acid, BUN, creatine |
in source | blood in |
out source | waste out |
fatty acids break down | ketone bodies |
carbs break down | CO2 |
RBC break down | bilirubin |
RBC #1 job | carry oxygen |
hemoglobin red color due | Fe |
phils all have | cytoplasmic granules |
waste | uric acid, BUN, creatine |
RNA breakdown | uric acid |
BUN | urea |
BUN breakdown | protein |
creatine breakdown | protein |
electrolytes | ions, Na, K, Cl |
etc | vitamins & hormones |
living cells | formed elements |
formed elements | 45% |
RBC | biconcave, 1 min o heart and back |
RBC | transports O2, oxyhemoglobin, felxible, protein |
no nucleus hemoglobin | heme (Fe) + globin |
Fe + biliverdin | bilirubin erythroprotein |
RBC | Vit B12, folic acid, GH, T4 |
T4 | thyroxine |
thyroxine | produced in sternum, ribs & coxa |
erythropetin | distance athletes |
WBC | general & specific immunity |
5 major WBC | neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes |
#1 | neutrophils |
#2 | lymphocytes |
#3 | monocytes |
#4 | eosinophils |
#5 | basophils |
light purple granules | neutrophils |
deep red granules | eosinophils |
deep purple granules | |
largest cell | monocyte |
specific immunity | lymphocyte |
phagocytosis of small particles | neutrophils #1 |
allergies, parasite destruction | eosinophils #4 |
parasite | tapeworms, pinworms, hookworms |
histamine | promotes inflammation |
heparin | inhibits blood clotting |
histamine & heparin | basophils #5 |
phagocytosis of large particles, macrophages | monocytes #3 |
T & B | lymphocytes #2 |
produce antibodes | B lymphocytes |
platelets | cytoplasmic fragments |
thrombocytes | platelets |
platelets contain | organelles |
platelets do not contain | nucleus |
cell fragaments of cytoplasm of larger cells | platelets |
thrombocytes form | platelet plugs |
platelets release | chemicals initiate clot formation |
2 jobs in coagulation | platelet plug
chemical initiate clot formation |
hand 2 hand combat to specific invader
(AIDS helper) | T lymphocyte |
platelet plug | stage I |
coagulation | stage II |
hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding |
positive feedback system | hemostasis |
Blood Vessel Spasm | vasoconstriction blood vessel walls
slowing blood flow |
Platelet Plug Formation | platelet adhesion |
blood vessel spasm | platelet plug>blood clot |
blood clot | platelet plug>blood vessel spasm |
blood coagulation | Ca required |
BPB | blood vessel spasm
platelet plug
blood clot |
Boy Penis Boy | blood vessel spasm
platelet plug
blood clot |
PTFFC | prothrombin
thrombin
fibrinogen
fibrin
clot |
activator | Ca |
prothrombin>thrombin | Ca activator |
fibrinogen>fibrin | Ca activator |
place the free food close | |
tissue damage releases | tissue thromboplastin |
prothrombin activator converts | prothrombin to thrombin |
thrombin fragmenst | fibrinogen to fibrin |
fibrin long threads | clot |
blood groups | 24+ different blood types
presence or absence antigens
antigens inherited |
universal donors | RBC & plasma |
universal recipients | RBC & plasma |
ABO system | antibodies and antigens found |
type A,B,AB,O | ABO system |
Rh system | D system |
D system | antigen and antibody involved |
Rh | D |
D | positive/negative |
antigen | protein marker |
cells natural occuring | A,B,AB,O |
plasma | antiB,antiA,O,antiA/antiB |
universal donor for plasma | TypeAB |
universal donor for blood | TypeO |
typeAB can receive | anyones blood |
antiA/antiB can receive | anyones plasma |
typeA | antiB |
typeB | antiA |
typeAB | open |
typeO | antiA/antiB |
sickle cell | disease & trait |
thalassemia | hereditary hemolytic anemia
thin fragile RBC |
leukemia | myeloid/lymphoid |
leukocytosis | increase # WBC |
leukopenia | decrease # WBC |
hemophilia | lack of factor8/AIDS |
von willebrand disease | lack of factor9/christmas factor |
blood transfusion reactions | mismatched blood types |
thrombosis(thrombus) | stationary clot
blood clot abnormally forming in vessel & stays put |
embolism(embolus) | clot on move
clot dislodged & moving |
purpura | spontaneous bleeding from capillaries or small blood vessels into tissues |
edema | escaped plasma from blood vessels into interstitial spaces |
hemolytic disease of the newborn(fetus) | Rh factor |
erthroblastosis fetalis | Rh factor
RhoGAM prevention |
hypoxia>cyanotic | bluish skin |
jaundice | yellow |
blood | connective tissue
RBC
WBC
platelets suspended in liquid
plasma
extracellular matrix |
transports substances between bodycells & external environment | blood |
blood helps | maintain stable internal environment |
blood separated into | formed elements & liquid prtions |
formed elements | RBC |
liquid plasma | water,gases,nutrients,hormones,electrolytes & cellular wastes |
blood volume varies | body size,fluid,electrolyte balance,adipose tissue content |
RBC | concave discs w/ shapes increase surface area |
contain hemoglobin, combine with oxygen | red blood cells |
red blood cell counts | = # cells per microliter of blood
4-6 million cells
determines oxygen carrying capacity of blood |
used to diagnose & evaluate courses of certain diseases | red blood cell counts |
health | # RBC remains stable |
red bone marrow | produces RBC |
erythropoietin | controls rate of RBC formation by negative feedback |
hemoglobin synthesis requires | iron |
vitamin B12 & folic acid influences | RBC production |
macrophages in liver & spleen | phagocytize damaged RBC |
hemoglobin release | biliverdin & bilirubin pigments |
destruction of RBC | hemoglobin molecules decompose & iron recycled |
WBC develop from | hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow |
granulocytes | neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils |
agranulocytes | monocytes & lymphocytes |
neutrophils & monocytes | phagocytize foreign particles |
eosinophils | kill parasites
help control inflammation
allergic reactions |
basophils | release heparin & histamine |
heparin | inhibits blood clotting |
histamine | increase blood flow to injured tissues |
lymphocytes | produce antibodies
attack specific foreign substances |
white blood cell counts | 4,500-10,000 cells per microliter of blood |
# WBC vary | infections
emotional disturbances
excessive body fluid loss |
differential WBC count | indicates various types of leukocyte percentages |
blood platelets | fragments of giant cells |
developed in red marrow in response to thrombpoietn | blood platelets |
normal platelet count | 130,000-360,000 platelets per microliter of blood |
platelets help | close breaks in blood vessels |
plasma | transports gases & nutrients
help regulate fluid
electrolyte balance
help stable pH |
plasma proteins | remain in blood/interstitail fluid
energy source |
3 major plasma protein | albumin
globulin
fibrinogen |
help maintain colloid osmotic pressure | albumin |
transport lipid
fat-soluble vitamins
antibodies that provide immunity | globulin |
functions in blood clotting | fibrinogen |
gases in plasma | O,CO2,N |
plasma nutrients | simple sugars
amino acids
lipids |
SPF (sugar protein fat) | plasma nutrients |
liver stores glucose as glycogen | release glucose when blood glucose concentration fails |
amino acids used to synthesize proteins | deaminated for energy source |
lipoproteins | function in transport of lipids |
nonprotein nitrogenous bases | molecules contain nitrogen atoms |
nonprotein nitrogenous substances | amino acids
urea
uric acid |
plasma electrolytes | ions of sodium,k,Ca,Mg,Cl(chlorine),bicarbonate,PO(phosphate),SO(sulfate) |
bicarbonate ions | maintain osmotic pressure & pH of plasma |
hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding |
blood vessel spasm | smooth muscles in blood vessel walls reflexly contract following injury |
platelets release serotonin | stimulate vasoconstriction
help maintain vessel spasm |
vasoconstriction | narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of muscular wall of the vessels |
platelet plug formation | adhere to rough surfaces & exposed collagen |
platelets adhere to each other at injury sites | form platelet plugs in broken vessels |
blood cotting most effective | form of hemostasis |
clot formation depends | balance between factors that promote & inhibit clotting |
coagulation basic event | conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin |
biochemicals promote clotting | prothrombin activator, prothrombin,calcium ions |
thrombus | abnormal blood clot in vessel |
embolus | clot or fragment of clot moves in vessel |
blood can be typed | based on cell surface antigens |
agglutination | clumping RBC, following transfusion reaction |
RBC membrane | contain specific antigens |
blood plasma | contain antibodies against certain antigens |
ABO blood group | blood grouped to presence/absence of antigensA/B |
mixing RBC that contain an antigen w/ plasma containing corresponding antibody | adverse transfusion reaction |
Rh antigen present | on RBC membranes of Rh positive blood |
Rh antigen absent | in Rh-negative blood |
mixing Rh-positive RBC w/ plasma containing anti-Rh antibodies | agglutinates the positive cells |
anti-Rh antibodies in maternal blood may cross placental tissues | react w/ RBC of Rh-positive fetus |
major functions of blood include | nutrient,hormone,oxygen,waste transport,help maintain stability of interstitial fluid, heat distribution |
formed elements in blood are | white blood cells(leukocytes), red blood cells(erythrocytes) and platelets(thrombocytes) |
the liquid portion of blood | plasma |
describe a red blood cell | biconcave discs |
contrast oxyhemoglobin & deoxyhemoglobin | oxy-bright red, rich in oxygen
deoxy-dark blue, released oxygen |
dietary factors affecting RBC production | vitamin B12,folic acid,iron |
5 leukocytes types | neutrophils,eosinophils,basophils,monocytes,lymphocytes |
NEBML (Never Eat Bowel Movement Later) | neutrophils
esinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes |
neurto & mono | phagocytize foreign particles |
eisoino | kill parasites,control inflammation,llergic reactions |
baso | release heparin/histamine |
lymph | produce antibodies that attack specific foreign substances |
platelets/thrombocytes | fragments of megakarocytes that function in hormone thrombopoietin |
the most abundant component of plasma | 92% water |
3 types of plasma proteins | fibrinogen,albumin,globulin |
FGA (Fuck4 Good36 Ass60) | fibrinogen,albumin,globulin |
albumins | 60% function to maintain osmosis |
globulins | 36% antibodies found here |
fibrinogen | 4% coagulation missing in serum |
nutrients & gases in plasma | vitamins & hormones:
amino acids,simple sugars,nucleotides,lipids
N2,O2,CO2 |
nonprotein nitrogenous substances | molecules contain nitrogen atoms but mot proteins |
in plasma nonprotein nitrogenous substances present | amino acids,urea,uric acid |
most abundant plasma electrolytes | sodium & chloride ions
NaCl |
hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding |
explain how blood vessel spasm is stimulated following an injury | smooth muscles in blood vessels refexly contract |
platelets adhering form a plug may control blood loss from _______ break, but larger break requires ____ halts bleeding | small,blood clot |
major steps leading to formation of blood clot (PTFFC) | PTFFC-place the free food close
prothrombin
thrombin
Ca activator
fribrinogen
Ca activator
fibrin
clot |
contrast thrombus & embolus | thrombus-abnormal blood clot in vessel(inside)
embolus-clot/fragment clot moves in vessel(outside) |
eat out | embolus |
tea in | thrombus |
an individual w/ B antigens & anti-A antibodies is ABO blood type | B |
self A/A | anti-B |
self B/B | anti-A |
self AB/A | neither anti-A/B |
self O/neither A/B | both anti-A/B |
receive A/A | O |
receive B/B | O |
receive AB/AB | A,B,O |
receive O/O | no alternate types |
an individual w/ typeB should not receive transfusion w/ typeAB blood | will die, body will attack itself |
typeAB | universal recipients |
typeO | universal donors |
distinguish between Rh+ & Rh- blood | Rh+=antigenD present on RBC membrane
Rh-=antigenD absent |
hemolytic disease of fetus/newborn | erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh blood group of mother attacks baby, but controlled through RhoGAM now |
whole blood | cut yourself |
5 liters | whole blood |
whole blood contains | 5 liters
connective tissue
45% living cells
55% plasma |
living cells in whole blood | 45% |
plasma cells in whole blood | 55% |