Statement | "Blank" answers |
Skeletal system protects | heart, lungs, brain |
skeletal system's primary function | structure/support |
skeletal system produces cells in the | marrow (red) |
the blood cells in the skeletal system store and release | calcium |
calcium is required for ____ and ____ function | muscle and nerve |
Long bone shaft is called | diaphysis |
The knobs on the end of long bone shaft | epiphysis |
THe line where bone growth occurs | epiphyseal line |
ossifies means | turns to bone |
The holes in surface of bone for passage of blood vessels | foramen |
This membrane surrounds the bone and attaches to muscles and tendons | periosteum |
The synovial membranes surround the | joints |
Endostium surrounds the | medullary canal |
Medullary cavity contains | bone marrow |
joint capsules are filld with | synovial fluid |
concave pad of fibrous cartilage | meniscus |
knee is padded by fluid filled bags called | bursa (sacs) |
What binds bone to bone within a bone | Ligaments |
Bone cells are not supplied with nutrients with capillaries, because... | It would make them very weak (too many holes in the bone) |
Osteocytes live in little fluid pockets called... | lacunae |
Blood vessels run through the bone matrix longitudinally in... | haversian canals |
Bone matrix surrounds the haversian canals in layers or concentric circles called... | lamellae |
Bone matrix is comprised primarily of _____ and ____ | Collagen fibers and calcium salts |
A baked bone has no flexiblilty because... | The collagen has been eliminated |
Bones are kept as ____ as they need to be, and as ____ as they can be. | Strong, light |
When calcium salts are stressed, they produce a(n) _______, which attracts _____ | Electrical field, osteoblasts |
Osteoblasts do...what? | Build up bone matrix |
_____ a bone is necessary for it's maintenance and development | Stressing |
Unstressed parts of bone are eaten away by _____ | Osteoclasts |
Homeostasis also occurs in the blood supply of ____ | Calcium |
The hormone that increases blood calcium levels is called ______. It increases absorption of Calcium from the intestines, decreases filtration of Calcium in the kidneys, and increases the activity of osteoclasts | Parathormone |
The hormone that decreases blood Calcium levels is called ______ | Calcitonin |
When a bone breaks, it produces a bloody swelling called a ____ | Fracture hematoma |
The mass of cartilage and bone that forums internally after a fracture is called a(n)... | Internal callus |
The abnormally swollen parts of the area around a fracture also turns into cartilage, and is called the... | External callus |
Why do you WANT the osteoclasts to eat away the large chunk of strengthened bone formed after a fracture is healed? | Next time, it could break in the wrong place, and cause even more severe damage |
Rheumatoid arthritis begins with damage to the ____ _____ | Articular cartilage |
How does immobility (i.e. that caused by rheumatois arthritis) leads to further damage? | Loss of synovial fluid |
Myositis ossificiations is "abnormal ______" | bone growth |
"Heterotopic" means... | "In the wrong place" (i.e. bone spurs) |
If you get enough _____, _____, and _____, you can continue to grow bone, up until about the age of _____ | calcium, vitamin D, physical stress, 22 |
Men lose about ___% of their bone per decade after the age of 40 | 3% |
Woman lose about ___% of their bone density per decade after the age of 40 | 8% |
Normal bone loss is called... | Osteopenia |
More-the-normal bone loss is called... | Osteoperosis |
Why is osteoperosis a problem with post-menopausal women? | Estrogen loss (estrogen stimulates osteoblasts) |
One visible symptom is kyphosis, which is _____ of the thoracic vertebrae | compression |
What is an allograft? | Bone transfer from cadaver to patient |
What is the most bone-like substance, besides bone, found in nature? | Coral |