Question | Answer |
Identify the valve that controls movement of material between the small and large intestines. | Ileocecal valve |
Identify the ligament on the liver that is the fetal remnant. | Round ligament |
Identify the functional unit of the liver. | Lobule |
Which cells in the pancreas have an endocrine function? | Islets of Langerhans |
The lymphatic capillaries in teh villi are the >>>>> and they will absorb >>>>? | Lacteals/Fat |
Which salivary gland only has serous cells and may be infected with the mumps myxovirus? | Parotid |
Identify the initial portion of the large intestine. | Cecum |
What is the proper term for folds of mucosa in the small intestine that will increase absorption by spiraling the chyme? | Plica circularis |
Identify the covering of the root of a tooth. | Cementum |
What is the proper term for the folds of the stomach when the mucosa is relaxed? | Rugea |
Carb digester in the saliva. | Amylase |
Produced by the G cells (Enteroendocrine) | Gastrin |
Will stimulate liver and pancreatic secretion. | CCK |
Produced by the chief cells. | Pepsinogen |
Formed from the heme pigment in the liver. | Bile |
Inhibits gastric motility. | GIP |
Stimulates mainly the pancreas. | Secretin |
Found in liver, phagocytes | Kupffer cells |
Produced for the breakdown of milk. | Renin |
A deficiency of this enzyme will result in Pernicious Anemia. | Intrinsic factor |
4 walls of the ailmentary canal. | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serous |
Begins the starch breakdown in mouth. | Salivary Amylase |
Begins the fat breakdown in the stomach. | Lingual Lipase |
Responsible for keeping mouth/food moist, enabling deglutition, protection of stomach lining. | Mucous |
Enzyme that helps with bacterial growth in mouth. | Lysozyme |
Antigen that helps with bacterial growth ... | Immunoglobin A |
Potassium, Sodium, Phosphates, etc... | Electrolytes |
Released when fatty chyme hits duodenum. | CCK |
Activates pepsin and lingual lipase; liquefies food. | HCL |
Dietary protein associated with chief cells | Pepsin |
Parietal cells aid in ????? and without will cause this homeostatic imbalance: | b-12 uptake
pernicious anemia |
In infancy, causes milk breakdown | Renin |
Makes Gastrin, a hormone like substance that stimulates stomach activity | G cells |
Responsible for protein breakdown. | Pepsin |
Stimulates hepatic and bile duct to secrete bicarb. (Pancreas) | Secretin |
Passageway for air, food, water | Oropharynx |
Initial portion is the cecum | Large Intestine |
Storage center for bile. | Gallbladder |
Main area of absorption. | Small Intestine |
Stimulated by release of CCK, will also function in detoxification of blood. | Liver |
Surrounded by adventitia, exhibits peristalsis, pierces the diaphragm. | Esophagus |
Homeostatic imbalance; pierced diaphragm from stomach - | Hiatal hernia |
Has both an endocrine and exocrine function | Pancreas |
Secretes an enzyme to begin the breakdown of starches. | salivary glands |
The opening from the oral cavity into the oropharynx - | fauces |
The ??? is the most superior portion of the stomach. | Fundus |
Due to the change in longitudinal muscles of the large intestine, puckers of the walls will occur. The "little pouches" are known as | Haustra/Haustrum |
The ??? is the section of the pharynx adjacent to the larynx. | Esophagus |
The ??? ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm. | falciform |
The duct that drains the gallbladder is known as | cystic duct |
The ???? sphincter separates the stomach from the small intestine | pyloric |
Salivary gland infected by mumps | parotid |
smallest of the extrinsic salivary glands | sublingual |
3 extrinsic salivary glands | sublingual, submandible, parotid |
attached to the cecum, structure associated with lymphatic system. | appendix |
which colon connects to the rectum | sigmoid |
Its endocrine secretions include glucagon and insulin. | pancreas |
The walls of the ??? ???? are arranged in circular folds known as | plica circularis |
The ??? valve connects the small and large intestine | ileocecal |
One of the functions of this organ is to produce intrinsic factor for the absorption of B-12. | stomach |
4 "acts" of digestive system. | ingestion, breakdown into nutrient mols, absorption of nutrients, excretion of "wastes" |
Mechano and Chemo receptors in the controls of GI tract activity are located where? | Walls of the GI tract organs |
Location of the digestive center | medulla |
Define peritonitis | infection of peritoneum |
Causes of peritonitis | appendicitis, perforation of bowel |
Blood supply - splanchnic circulation - 4 sections: | celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, hepatic portal circulation |
Glue layer of the mucosa tunic | lamina propria |
Extra tunic layer in Alimentary Canal | muscularis externa |
True muscle layer of tunics | muscularis externa |
outer most tunic | serosa |
Control of muscle movement for peristalsis and segmentation is controlled by 2 areas - | vagus nerve/"Gut Brain" (Enteric) |
2 enteric (in-house) nerve plexi | submucosal and mysenteric |
submucosal nerve plexus stimulates everything above... | diaphragm |
nerve plexus that stimulates peristalsis and segmentation | mysenteric nerve plexus |
neurons in which oral structure can regenerate | papillae (taste buds) |
Palatine tonsils line each side of the .. | oropharynx |
define xerostoma | decrease in salivary production |
result of xerostoma | halitosis |
which gland only has serous cells? | parotid |
3 homeostatic imbalances of teeth: | caries (cavity), calculus (Plaque), periodontal disease (periodontitis) |
Collapsed when not involved in food propulsion: | esophagus |
2 homeostatic imbalances of Esophagus | hiatal hernia/ Gerd |
Temporary storage tank for chyme | stomach |
Left and right gastric veins branch into ... | celiac trunk and common hepatic |
mucous from neck cells - alkalotic or acidic? | alkalotic |
homeostatic imbalances of stomach | gastritis - inflammation
ulcer - acid wound |
At chyme creation - pyloric sphincter is open or closed? | closed |
short or long reflex on gastric motility? | short |
4 lobes of liver | right, left, caudate, quadrate |
which omentum connects liver to stomach? | lesser |
functional unit of liver | lobule |
3 homeostatic imbalances of liver | cirrhosis, hepatomegaly and hepatitis |
cystic duct @ gall bladder forms with common hepatic duct from liver to form: | common bile duct |
homeostatic imbalance of gall bladder | gall stones |
pancreatic islets (langerhans) secrete.. (2) | insulin and glucagon |
Exocrine function of pancrease is to secrete what? | pancreatic juice |
encircled by duodenum | pancreas |
bile and pancreatic juice both help neutralize stomach acid in... | duodenum |
function of duodenum | breakdown food |
function of jejenum | chem breakdown of fats and chyme |
function of ileum | b-12 and bile salt absorption |
which nerve pierces diaphragm? | phrenic |
match: stomach plica circ
large intestine rugae
small intestine haustra | stomach - rugae
large intestine - haustra
small intestine - plica circularis |
parasympathetic nervous control of pancreas | vagus nerve |
sympathetic nervous control on pancreas | inhibits parasympathetic - celiac ganglia |
hormonal control of pancrease (3) | cck, gastrin, secretin |
body's major digestive organ, most absorption occurs here | small intestine |
3 areas of stomach:
"receives stomach contents, bile, pancreatic juice" | duodenum |
3 areas of stomach:
"most digestion and nutrient absorption occur here, rich blood supply" | jejenum |
3 ares of stomach:
"absorbs b-12/bile salts" | ileum |
the lymphatic capillary of the small intestine is called: | lacteal |
duodenal bunner glands secrete | bicarb mucous |
most enzymes that function in the small intestine are found in what two structures? | brush order and pancreatic juice |
large intestine:
longitudinal fibers of muscularis externa | tenia coli |
large intestine:
pouches that allow for expansion, disappear when relaxed | haustra |
fatty pouches on peritoneum | epiploic appendages |
2 subdivisions of large intestine | cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal |
stimulation of defecation is caused by what? | stretching of rectum |
large intestine: intrinsic reflex from which nerve plexus? | entirely w/i mysenteric |
large intestine: extrinsic reflex from which nerve plexus? | spinal reflex |
valalva manuever - describe | breath holding; contraction - (child birth) |
which food group is MOST digestible? | carb |
proteins are absorbed by the | small intestine |
enzymes that digest proteins | proteases |
digest fats | lipases |
lingual lipase is triggered by... | stomach acid |
protein co-transporters | sodium dependent amino acids |
dipeptides and tripeptides can be absorbed, but are hydrolized in the ??? first... | epithelial |
proteins leave cell by | facilitated diffusion |
lipids are broken up by which 2 solvents? | lecithin and bile |
nucleic (rna/dna) enters capillary blood of ... | villus |
fat soluable vitamins | a, d, e, k |
fat soluable vitamins absorbed where | micelles |
water soluble vitamins | b, c |
water sol vitamins absorbed how? | simple diffusion |
electrolytes absorbed where | entire length of small intestine |
which two substances are not absorbed at a constant rate, but as needed? | iron and calcium |
extracellular protein is called | transferrin |
"branches" in the colon | tenia coli |
"leaves" in the colon | epiploic appendages |