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A&P II Digestive
Practical Practice - Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Identify the valve that controls movement of material between the small and large intestines. | Ileocecal valve |
| Identify the ligament on the liver that is the fetal remnant. | Round ligament |
| Identify the functional unit of the liver. | Lobule |
| Which cells in the pancreas have an endocrine function? | Islets of Langerhans |
| The lymphatic capillaries in teh villi are the >>>>> and they will absorb >>>>? | Lacteals/Fat |
| Which salivary gland only has serous cells and may be infected with the mumps myxovirus? | Parotid |
| Identify the initial portion of the large intestine. | Cecum |
| What is the proper term for folds of mucosa in the small intestine that will increase absorption by spiraling the chyme? | Plica circularis |
| Identify the covering of the root of a tooth. | Cementum |
| What is the proper term for the folds of the stomach when the mucosa is relaxed? | Rugea |
| Carb digester in the saliva. | Amylase |
| Produced by the G cells (Enteroendocrine) | Gastrin |
| Will stimulate liver and pancreatic secretion. | CCK |
| Produced by the chief cells. | Pepsinogen |
| Formed from the heme pigment in the liver. | Bile |
| Inhibits gastric motility. | GIP |
| Stimulates mainly the pancreas. | Secretin |
| Found in liver, phagocytes | Kupffer cells |
| Produced for the breakdown of milk. | Renin |
| A deficiency of this enzyme will result in Pernicious Anemia. | Intrinsic factor |
| 4 walls of the ailmentary canal. | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serous |
| Begins the starch breakdown in mouth. | Salivary Amylase |
| Begins the fat breakdown in the stomach. | Lingual Lipase |
| Responsible for keeping mouth/food moist, enabling deglutition, protection of stomach lining. | Mucous |
| Enzyme that helps with bacterial growth in mouth. | Lysozyme |
| Antigen that helps with bacterial growth ... | Immunoglobin A |
| Potassium, Sodium, Phosphates, etc... | Electrolytes |
| Released when fatty chyme hits duodenum. | CCK |
| Activates pepsin and lingual lipase; liquefies food. | HCL |
| Dietary protein associated with chief cells | Pepsin |
| Parietal cells aid in ????? and without will cause this homeostatic imbalance: | b-12 uptake pernicious anemia |
| In infancy, causes milk breakdown | Renin |
| Makes Gastrin, a hormone like substance that stimulates stomach activity | G cells |
| Responsible for protein breakdown. | Pepsin |
| Stimulates hepatic and bile duct to secrete bicarb. (Pancreas) | Secretin |
| Passageway for air, food, water | Oropharynx |
| Initial portion is the cecum | Large Intestine |
| Storage center for bile. | Gallbladder |
| Main area of absorption. | Small Intestine |
| Stimulated by release of CCK, will also function in detoxification of blood. | Liver |
| Surrounded by adventitia, exhibits peristalsis, pierces the diaphragm. | Esophagus |
| Homeostatic imbalance; pierced diaphragm from stomach - | Hiatal hernia |
| Has both an endocrine and exocrine function | Pancreas |
| Secretes an enzyme to begin the breakdown of starches. | salivary glands |
| The opening from the oral cavity into the oropharynx - | fauces |
| The ??? is the most superior portion of the stomach. | Fundus |
| Due to the change in longitudinal muscles of the large intestine, puckers of the walls will occur. The "little pouches" are known as | Haustra/Haustrum |
| The ??? is the section of the pharynx adjacent to the larynx. | Esophagus |
| The ??? ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm. | falciform |
| The duct that drains the gallbladder is known as | cystic duct |
| The ???? sphincter separates the stomach from the small intestine | pyloric |
| Salivary gland infected by mumps | parotid |
| smallest of the extrinsic salivary glands | sublingual |
| 3 extrinsic salivary glands | sublingual, submandible, parotid |
| attached to the cecum, structure associated with lymphatic system. | appendix |
| which colon connects to the rectum | sigmoid |
| Its endocrine secretions include glucagon and insulin. | pancreas |
| The walls of the ??? ???? are arranged in circular folds known as | plica circularis |
| The ??? valve connects the small and large intestine | ileocecal |
| One of the functions of this organ is to produce intrinsic factor for the absorption of B-12. | stomach |
| 4 "acts" of digestive system. | ingestion, breakdown into nutrient mols, absorption of nutrients, excretion of "wastes" |
| Mechano and Chemo receptors in the controls of GI tract activity are located where? | Walls of the GI tract organs |
| Location of the digestive center | medulla |
| Define peritonitis | infection of peritoneum |
| Causes of peritonitis | appendicitis, perforation of bowel |
| Blood supply - splanchnic circulation - 4 sections: | celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, hepatic portal circulation |
| Glue layer of the mucosa tunic | lamina propria |
| Extra tunic layer in Alimentary Canal | muscularis externa |
| True muscle layer of tunics | muscularis externa |
| outer most tunic | serosa |
| Control of muscle movement for peristalsis and segmentation is controlled by 2 areas - | vagus nerve/"Gut Brain" (Enteric) |
| 2 enteric (in-house) nerve plexi | submucosal and mysenteric |
| submucosal nerve plexus stimulates everything above... | diaphragm |
| nerve plexus that stimulates peristalsis and segmentation | mysenteric nerve plexus |
| neurons in which oral structure can regenerate | papillae (taste buds) |
| Palatine tonsils line each side of the .. | oropharynx |
| define xerostoma | decrease in salivary production |
| result of xerostoma | halitosis |
| which gland only has serous cells? | parotid |
| 3 homeostatic imbalances of teeth: | caries (cavity), calculus (Plaque), periodontal disease (periodontitis) |
| Collapsed when not involved in food propulsion: | esophagus |
| 2 homeostatic imbalances of Esophagus | hiatal hernia/ Gerd |
| Temporary storage tank for chyme | stomach |
| Left and right gastric veins branch into ... | celiac trunk and common hepatic |
| mucous from neck cells - alkalotic or acidic? | alkalotic |
| homeostatic imbalances of stomach | gastritis - inflammation ulcer - acid wound |
| At chyme creation - pyloric sphincter is open or closed? | closed |
| short or long reflex on gastric motility? | short |
| 4 lobes of liver | right, left, caudate, quadrate |
| which omentum connects liver to stomach? | lesser |
| functional unit of liver | lobule |
| 3 homeostatic imbalances of liver | cirrhosis, hepatomegaly and hepatitis |
| cystic duct @ gall bladder forms with common hepatic duct from liver to form: | common bile duct |
| homeostatic imbalance of gall bladder | gall stones |
| pancreatic islets (langerhans) secrete.. (2) | insulin and glucagon |
| Exocrine function of pancrease is to secrete what? | pancreatic juice |
| encircled by duodenum | pancreas |
| bile and pancreatic juice both help neutralize stomach acid in... | duodenum |
| function of duodenum | breakdown food |
| function of jejenum | chem breakdown of fats and chyme |
| function of ileum | b-12 and bile salt absorption |
| which nerve pierces diaphragm? | phrenic |
| match: stomach plica circ large intestine rugae small intestine haustra | stomach - rugae large intestine - haustra small intestine - plica circularis |
| parasympathetic nervous control of pancreas | vagus nerve |
| sympathetic nervous control on pancreas | inhibits parasympathetic - celiac ganglia |
| hormonal control of pancrease (3) | cck, gastrin, secretin |
| body's major digestive organ, most absorption occurs here | small intestine |
| 3 areas of stomach: "receives stomach contents, bile, pancreatic juice" | duodenum |
| 3 areas of stomach: "most digestion and nutrient absorption occur here, rich blood supply" | jejenum |
| 3 ares of stomach: "absorbs b-12/bile salts" | ileum |
| the lymphatic capillary of the small intestine is called: | lacteal |
| duodenal bunner glands secrete | bicarb mucous |
| most enzymes that function in the small intestine are found in what two structures? | brush order and pancreatic juice |
| large intestine: longitudinal fibers of muscularis externa | tenia coli |
| large intestine: pouches that allow for expansion, disappear when relaxed | haustra |
| fatty pouches on peritoneum | epiploic appendages |
| 2 subdivisions of large intestine | cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal |
| stimulation of defecation is caused by what? | stretching of rectum |
| large intestine: intrinsic reflex from which nerve plexus? | entirely w/i mysenteric |
| large intestine: extrinsic reflex from which nerve plexus? | spinal reflex |
| valalva manuever - describe | breath holding; contraction - (child birth) |
| which food group is MOST digestible? | carb |
| proteins are absorbed by the | small intestine |
| enzymes that digest proteins | proteases |
| digest fats | lipases |
| lingual lipase is triggered by... | stomach acid |
| protein co-transporters | sodium dependent amino acids |
| dipeptides and tripeptides can be absorbed, but are hydrolized in the ??? first... | epithelial |
| proteins leave cell by | facilitated diffusion |
| lipids are broken up by which 2 solvents? | lecithin and bile |
| nucleic (rna/dna) enters capillary blood of ... | villus |
| fat soluable vitamins | a, d, e, k |
| fat soluable vitamins absorbed where | micelles |
| water soluble vitamins | b, c |
| water sol vitamins absorbed how? | simple diffusion |
| electrolytes absorbed where | entire length of small intestine |
| which two substances are not absorbed at a constant rate, but as needed? | iron and calcium |
| extracellular protein is called | transferrin |
| "branches" in the colon | tenia coli |
| "leaves" in the colon | epiploic appendages |
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