Question | Answer |
What are the three stages of the stress response or GAS (General adaptation syndrome) in order of occurrence? | Fight or Flight, Resistance, Exhaustion |
Increases blood calcium levels | Parathormone |
Increases blood glucose level | Glucagon |
Decreases blood calcium levels | Calcitonin |
Decreases blood glucose level | Insulin |
Initiates and maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands | Prolactin |
Regulates the body's biological clock | Melatonin |
Stimulates sex hormone production; triggers ovulation | Luteinizing hormone |
Augments fight or flight responses | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
Regulates metabolism and resistance to stress | Cortisol |
Helps control water and electrolyte homeostasis | Aldosterone |
Suppresses release of FSH | Inhibin |
Stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair | Androgens |
Promotes T cell maturation | Thymosin |
Regulates oxygen use, basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, and growth and development | Thyroxine and triodothyronine |
Stimulates protein synthesis, inhibits protein breakdown, stimulates lipolysis and retards use of glucose for ATP production | Human growth hormone |
Inhibits water loss through the kidneys | Antidiuretic hormone |
Stimulates egg and sperm formation | Follicle-stimulating hormone |
Enhances uterine contrations during labor;stimulates milk ejection | Oxytocin |
Increases skin pigmentation when present in excess | Melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
Stimulates the synthesis and release of T3 and T4 | Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
Local hormones involved in inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, blood flow, and infammation | prostaglandins |
Corticotrophs release which hormone? | ACTH and MSH |
Thyrotrophs release which hormone? | TSH |
Alpha cells of the pancreatic islet release | Glucagon |
Chief cells release | PTH |
Zona fasciculata cells release | Glucocorticoids |
Gonadotrophs release | FSH and LH |
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland release | Calcitonin |
Beta cells of the pancreatic islet release | Insulin |
Zona reticularis cells release | Androgens |
Ovaries release | Progesterone |
Chromaffin cells release | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
Somatotrophs release | hGH |
Testes relase | Testosterone |
Zona glomerulosa cells release | mineralocorticoids |
Follicular cells fo the thyroid gland release | Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine |
Lactotrophs release | PRL |
Hyposecretion of insulin or down-regulation of insulin receptors | Diabetes Mellitus |
Hypersecretion of hGH before closure of epiphyseal plates | Giantism |
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone that is present at birth | Congenital hypothyroidism |
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids | Cushing's syndrome |
Hyposecretion of hGH before closure of epiphyseal plates | Pituitary dwarfism |
Hypersecretion of hGH after closure of epiphyseal plates | Acromegaly |
Hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine | Pheochromocytomas |
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone | Addison's disease |
Hypersecretion of melatonin | Seasonal Affective disorder |
Hyposecretion of ADH | Diabetes insipidus |
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone in adults | Myxedema |
Hyperthyroidism, an autoimmune disease | Grave's disease |
Lipid-soluble steroid hormones and thyroid hormones affect cell funtion by | Altering gene expression |
Water soluble hormones alter cell function by | Activating plasma memberane receptors, which elicit production of a second messenger that activates various enzymes inside the cell |
Hormonal actions have what three types of effects? | Permissive, synergistic, or antagonistic |
Exocrine Glands secrete | Products through ducts into body cavities or onto body surfaces |
Endocrine glands secrete | Hormones into interstitial fluid, then hormones diffuse into the blood |
abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland | Goiter |